The Economic Impact Of The One-Child Policy

The Economic Impact Of The One-Child Policy The One-Child Policy helped China to bring its financial development up in the previous decades. China had the option to control the pace of the populace development lower than the pace of the GDP development, and along these lines the GDP per capita increments drastically in the previous decades. In relapse model 1, over 53% of the financial development can be clarified by the strategy; in relapse model 2, over 74% of the monetary development can be clarified by the arrangement. Thus this paper has indicated the adjustment in the monetary development of China could be clarified by the impacts of the One-Child Policy. Despite the fact that the unrefined birth rate isn't appeared to have long haul or transient impact on the GDP per capita, the gross fixed capital development has a huge positive effect on the GDP per capita. The gross fixed capital development couldn't have expanded that much without the nearness of the One-Child Policy. While the populace development diminishes, more assets are utilized to improve the expectation for everyday comforts. The drawn out impact of the One-Child strategy was likewise considered in the exploration. The outcomes acquired in relapse model 2 have demonstrated the alumni financial development in China can be all around clarified by the impact of the One-Child Policy. The coefficients of the rough birth rate were negative in both relapse models; it proposed that piece of the Malthusian hypothesis and the neo-Malthusian hypothesis were support. The primary analysis of the speculations was the hypotheses didn't account the development in the innovation, and in this manner the food gracefully has expanded quicker than math progress. The science and innovation in China has developed hugely in the previous a long time since the One-Child Policy has executed. In this manner, the Malthusian hypothesis and the neo-Malthusian may not be pertinent in the cutting edge world today. This view has been support in crafted by Galor and Weil (1999, pp.150-154). In addition, some portion of the Revisionism hypothesis was upheld. The hypothesis recommended that the populace development doesn't upset the populace development in thick territory and China is a thickly populated nation. In relapse model 2, slacked unrefined birth rate was utilized. Since the populace will enter the workforce at the matured of 16, the rough birth rate was tried for the effect on the GDP per capita. The variable was discovered unimportant to clarify the adjustments in the GDP per capita. The outcomes recommended that China was not confronting the reducing return of work. Since the rough birth rate isn't corresponded with the development of GDP per capita, there is no populace hypothesis which is completely bolstered in the investigation of China. In spite of the fact that China was not confronting a Malthusian dynamic of overpopulation and lessening return of work elements, it is basic for the usage of the One-Child Policy. On the off chance that the populace was not controlled and kept on expanding, China would before long need to confront the issues related with overpopulation and decreasing come back to work. Taking everything into account, the choice of the execution of the One-Child Policy in 1979 was bolstered in this exploration. Despite the fact that the One-Child Policy has appeared to have profited the monetary development of China temporarily and 16 years long haul, it might have an unfriendly impact in the extremely long haul. The one kid presently needs to help his/her two guardians and four grandparents. Subsequently, the execution of the One-Child Policy was bolstered in 1979 yet the choice of the continuation of the One-Child Policy is to be stayed dubious. 6.2 Limitations of the Study The outcomes got in the examination just give a recommendation of the execution of the One-Child Policy. There are sure confinements in the examination. Various estimation issues should be tended to are expressed beneath. As an intermediary of the instruction level, it is smarter to utilize the normal number of tutoring as it gives a more clear image of the training level of the populace. Sadly, the National Bureau of Statistics of China has not recorded this variable for the period, 1979 2007. As an intermediary of the expectation for everyday comforts, it is smarter to utilize the gross fixed capital arrangement per capita as it accounts the way that the expectation for everyday comforts increments quicker than the populace development. Shockingly, the size work power was additionally not recorded. (Net fixed capital arrangement per capita = Gross fixed capital development/Workforce) There are a few missing figures in the information. The missing figures generally happen in 1980 to 1985. In spite of the fact that addition has used to compute the missing information in the middle of, the absence of information may prompt errors in the outcomes. There might be errors in the figures of the unrefined birth rate. Numerous illicit birth of child young ladies happened because of the conventional child inclination in China. The genuine rough birth rate ought to be higher as the unlawful births were not recorded. The absence of the example sizes may likewise prompt errors in the outcomes which decide the drawn out impact of the One-Child Policy. There are just 13 perceptions after the modifications, which may prompt no huge variable being identified regardless of whether there is a one present. Moreover, just the work showcase was accounted to decide the drawn out impact of the One-Child Policy in this investigation. The 4-2-1 issue can not accounted in the investigation, as the strategy has just executed for a long time and it isn't long enough for the examination of this impact. In spite of the fact that the execution of the One-Child Policy was commonly upheld in the outcomes, it may not be bolstered in various regions of China. The normal rough birth rate was utilized in the exploration, and along these lines the choice of the One-Child Policy may not be bolstered in singular urban areas. For example Urban regions The official numbers from the National Bureau of Statistics of China may have misrepresented the development of GDP [The Economist: Chinas horrid insights (Anon., 2009)], which will prompt the overestimation of the impact of the One-Child Policy. 6.3 Potential Areas of Study The examination gives general investigation on the usage of the One Child Policy in China. It very well may be additionally concentrated to accomplish a more profound degree of comprehension of the strategy. As referenced in the past segment, the investigation of the usage of the One-Child Policy may contrast from urban areas. The quantity of births has been generally diminished, and the populace began to age. Urban regions may have begun to confront the lack of work and issues identified with segment maturing. This recommendation has been bolstered as the residents in Shanghai were urged to have two youngsters for each family since 2009 (Xie Linli, 2009). Besides, the activity taken in Shanghai has bolstered my decision in the exploration which China was not confronting the lessening return of work. The connection between the GDP per capita and the unrefined birth rate in various urban communities can be reconsidered by urban areas. The populace hypotheses will perhaps be upheld by the investigations in various urban areas. Same techniques and tests can be utilized and the information required can likewise be found in the official site of the National Bureau of Statistics of China. Since the One-Child Policy was scrutinized to have abused the human rights, the outcomes acquired from this further exploration will help the discover recommendations to other family arranging in China. On the off chance that the rough birth rate was found emphatically connected with the monetary development in various urban areas, some arrangement proposals can be made. For instance, more births can be permitted or just the dispersing between births is controlled. Change of the arrangement will conceivably carry points of interest to China. The reactions of the family arranging may lessen; the quantity of female child murders may likewise be decreased, and may prompt the further increment in the financial development in China. The One-Child Policy has consistently been a wellspring of discussion since its execution; there are a lot progressively potential considering territories. In the examination section, the development in the quantity of tertiary enrolment in China was discovered unimportant to clarify the monetary development. Another free factor, for example, the level of individuals that have completed auxiliary schools can be utilized as an intermediary of the instruction level. More examination should be possible on the connections between the One-Child Policy, training and rough birth rate. The connection between the factors can likewise be discovered utilizing the time arrangement OLS relapse. In spite of the fact that the training level of the individuals was expanded by the One-Child Policy, there are different components that influence the instruction level. As the instruction level of the individuals expanded, the longing of improving the characteristics of life may increment and the craving having kids may diminish. Thus, the rough birth rate may not exclusively be influenced by the One-Child Policy, yet in addition the expanded degree of instruction. The outcomes got can assist with seeing if the impact of the One-Child Policy was overestimated in the current examination, and simultaneously help to increase a superior comprehension of the monetary development in China. Further investigation could incorporate examining the sex proportions in China. It has consistently been a functioning discussing subject. The One-Child Policy has influenced to the sex proportion because of the customary child inclination in China. The sex specific fetus removal has prompted the abundance births of guys and the unbalance sex proportion in China. An exploration has been done on the unequal sex proportions, and the specialist, Hesketh states that, guys younger than 20 surpassed females by in excess of 32 million in China, and more than 1.1 million overabundance births of young men happened. Since there are 32 million a greater number of guys than females, a portion of the men will be not able to get hitched and have a family. Less births will be happened as there are less hitched couples, and along these lines the uneven sex proportions may likewise diminish the unrefined birth pace of the populace. In addition, the kids may need to take care significantly more old as opposed to just their own 2 guardians and 4 guardians, however their family members also. The G

Business Ethics in Retail Sector

Question: Examine about the Business Ethics in Retail Sector. Answer: Presentation: Moreover with that, the supportability components and commitment of the partners in the area have been illustrated. The investigation additionally holds the portrayal of the variables that are making the associations in the retail segment handle moral issues all the more genuinely. At endures the benefit of dealing with the business morals that the associations have gotten. Different associations in the retail division have neglected to deal with their business as far as manageability. This disappointment has come about into analysis. Concerning shoppers, particularly the individuals who face brought down trust in the area have endured most due to the analysis. Objective: The motivation behind the investigation is depicting the business morals in the retail division. The essential focal point of the investigation is on the moral issues in the segment. Investigation of the Sector: Moral Issues in the Retail Sector: Green issue: Among the top retailers among the world the issue that was most regular is the natural issue. The associations which are at the highest point of the retail business, for example, divider bazaar considers as nature as the essential segment inside the program of morals. UK retail industry is confronting a few issues with the green items as the customers have questions about the obligation of the association toward the earth (Barbosa et al. 2015). In UK just twenty seven percent of purchasers are happy to spend on the green items. Figure 1: Green Processes to be kept up in Retail (Source: Barbosa et al. 2015, pp-367-370) Corporate social obligation: CSR or corporate social duty has become a renowned word quickly. It very well may be considered as the augmented discernment duty. The association among condition and association is comprising of various qualities (Korschun, Bhattacharya and Swain 2014). CSR is commonly known as the assessment of the qualities. According to the perspective on an association, the obligation of the association toward its customer can be considered as the CSR (Capelle-Blancard and Petit 2012). The coordination of monetary, social, condition and morals inside strategic approaches and techniques are the worries of the CSR. At present in excess of 8,000 associations is utilizing CSR. Figure 2: Jantzi Researchs Weights for Retail Sector (Source: Capelle and Petit 2012, pp-570) Moral sourcing: It can be considered as the most basic moral issue in piece of clothing industry. The consciousness of the buyer in regards to the practical sourcing has expanded as of late as a result of the developing ecological concerns (Perry, Wood and Fernie 2015). Therefore, the shoppers are requesting the fabrics that are made of natural cotton and can be washed in low temperatures. Considering on the circumstance, at present numerous associations are incorporating moral sourcing as a part of corporate obligation plan. Figure 3: Audit Program Finding for Ethical Sourcing (Source: Gonzalez 2016, pp-39) Supportability in Retail: The issues in regards to the supportability in hold part are as following. Environmental change: The specialists consider the significant of environmental change more than the shoppers. A limited quantity of the purchasers perceive the hugeness of environmental change in the retail business. As far as the effects of environmental change and its causes, the purchasers who indentify the issue of environmental change attempts to separate themselves from environmental change (Howard et al. 2014). It is hard for the shoppers to connect issue of environmental change and retailers alongside their buying designs. For dealing with this issue the estimation of carbon impression in the association are thinking about as an incredible wellspring of perceiving the effect of the association on environmental change. The coordinated effort between the Carbon Trust, retail segment and different gatherings can be come about into the advancement of a standard model for estimating the carbon impression (Fernie and Sparks 2014). Figure 4: Climate Change Framework (Source: Fernie and Sparks 2014, pp-217) Squander: It is a pivotal issue for the retail area. The retailers produce an immense measure of waste which is making monstrous test to the supportability. Both the customers and partners are thinking about the waste decrease truly. As indicated by Brandenburg et al. (2014) the waste is the principal maintainability issue that spooky the retail business. Figure 5: Waste Management in Retail (Source: Papargyropoulou et al. 2014, pp-109) For dealing with the issue the retail business is thinking about the arrangement, three Rs. The three R speaks to diminish, reuse and reuse. Diminish alludes to the way toward giving things to the purchaser without overabundance bundling. Reuse alludes that one ought to give old product or items to the some association which can utilize it further. Reuse process alludes to give or offer recyclable items to the association which accomplishes crafted by reusing (Brandenburg et al. 2014). Finally the waste which can't be ordered into any of the expressed above is arranged. Association of Stakeholder in Ethics: By virtue of the broadness of focal points that sensibility programs provide for associations, it is routinely difficult to pinpoint a lone explanation a retailer begins a particular undertaking (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). Regardless, obviously associations much of the time found acceptability programs because of at least one significant accomplices' propelling needs. Laborers, contenders, and government are the primary three accomplices driving retailers to strengthen their acceptability programs. Figure 6: Influence of the Consumers on Sustainability Activities (Source: Carroll and Buchholtz 2014, pp-371) The Factors behind Managing Ethics Successfully: The six factors that constrained the association in the retail segment to concentrate on dealing with the business morals are as following. Believability: For making validity is one factor behind focusing on overseeing business morals. The association that takes virtues genuinely centers around making believability truly. It is on the grounds that the association needs every individual in the general public to realize its name even the individual has no data at about the association (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2015). Taken for instance, Infosys drives its business toward social duty activities and great corporate administration. Dynamic: The target of any association is to incorporating the whole choices that it has taken from its foundation (Hartman, DesJardins and MacDonald 2014). That is the reason improved dynamic is an extraordinary figure each association the retail business. Meeting fundamental necessity: Being moral is a basic prerequisite for any association in this part. The representatives consistently wish to work in an association that is moral in its procedures (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2015). Same goes for the purchasers, they generally need to purchase from the provider which incorporates moral falsifications. Individuals and administration: Values that drives an association is the one of the most significant factor for any association. These qualities are the explanation for joining the partners and workers in a typical stage (Hartman, DesJardins and MacDonald 2014). So joining individuals and administration can be considered as a factor. Making sure about society: The retail business thinks about morals as a factor for protecting the general public. Morals has the possibility spare the general public interestingly of moderate open intrigue suits. Long haul increases: According to a review the associations that follow qualities and morals have been increased more bit of leeway over the long haul than the individuals who don't (Khalid, Ramly and Lau 2014). Advantage of Managing Business Ethics: Improved society: Trusts controlled a couple of business sectors to the extent that expenses were settled and little associations smothered out. Worth settling debilitated commonplace business division qualities. Laborers were finished considering characters. Effect was associated through threatening and incitement. By then society reacted and mentioned that associations put high regard on sensibility and comparable rights. Threatening to believe laws were sorted out (Ruedy et al. 2013). Government associations were set up. Associations were sifted through. Laws and controls were set up. Keeping up moral course: Consideration in regards to industry morals is fundamental in the midst of inward change times a lot of like those mate now by associations, both for-advantage and not-for-benefit. Over the span of times of progress, there is as often as possible no indisputable great compass to direct pioneers through complex conflicts about what is right or misguided (Zikmund et al. 2013). Advancing sound open picture: Regard for morals is likewise firm promoting, truth be told, oversight morals should not to be finished chiefly for thought processes of exposure. However, to be totally honest, the strategy that an association continually presents view for its morals can depict a firm constructive outcome to the basic populace (Shu et al. 2016). End: From the above investigation it tends to be inferred that the attention on the business morals can be a critical factor for the associations in the retail area as far as increasing long haul points of interest. From the examination on the issues in the business morals it has been perceived that however the associations have done well as far as keeping up business morals, they need to lead extra a few overviews for picking up customers full help and trust. The partner investigation on the retail segment has had a reasonable effect of individual partner regarding improving the business morals. The figure six demonstrates that the financial specialist has the most impact for dealing with the morals in retail industry. The examination was constrained as far as gathering crude information straightforwardly from the administrators rather it shows the information gathered by different creators. References: Barbosa, N.A., Paes, M.C.D., Guimaraes, P.E.

Marketing Project Example

Showcasing Project Example Showcasing Project Example The promoting venture model is the sort of imaginative work intended to effectively publicize items or administrations.  In the advanced world, the pattern of favoring nearby makers of all the potential products is turning out to be increasingly well known each year. Individuals will in general accept that a nearby maker would have the best nature of basic food item or different merchandise since they are delivered in the territory around customers. That is the reason, the advertising venture model will portray the crusade intended for the nearby organization. To begin the nearby organization, a business person ought to do a colossal measure of work. A basic advance is to lead a promoting effort about the result of things to come organization to discover the market size, conceivable income, and volume of deals. The organization, which would be the extent of the examination is the new supermarket with 100% normal, GMO and pesticides free items. The initial step of each advertising effort is defining the objective of it. It sounds marginally simple however each motivation behind deals or showcasing ought to have various battles, which utilize various instruments and techniques to work it. On account of propelling another nearby staple brand, the promoting effort should respond to the inquiries regarding planned volume of deals, showcase size, and assumptions regarding benefit. The cutoff time for this promoting venture consummation is three months, which is sufficient to direct a broad research and dissect the acquired outcomes. The accomplishment of the promoting task and its degree of certainty fundamentally relies upon the techniques for advertising research, which were to make this undertaking. It implies that system ought to be picked cautiously. On account of another supermarket, it was chosen to pick a viable blend of techniques, which would give both logical and ‘field’ information. Right off the bat, center gathering strategy would be applied. It would assist with getting the logical social data about the expected customers of this territory and to survey the possibilities of the new store. The subsequent strategy would be the perception of the genuine basic food item occasions during two months. It would give the showcasing authorities the most applicable data, which is accumulated ‘on the field’. The explanation of picking those two techniques is on the grounds that they bolster one another. One is entirely valid with little gatherings, yet at the same time is a sociological one, which implies that it could have unimportant information in view of the center gathering size. Another strategy isn't so careful, however it gives a general thought regarding the market and prospects of the new brand. Following two months, the examination pros could begin working with assembled data to arrange it into the best possible advertising venture rundown. The acquired data was assembled by fifty center gatherings; each comprised of fifteen individuals with an alternate segment foundation. Moreover, the investigation of eleven occasions from the planned market, for example, end of the week basic food item advertises or topical occasions of this industry have likewise given some pertinent information. The promoting experts made an astounding activity to break down the acquired information, utilizing the last form of STATISTICS programming. The advertising venture is dependable and pertinent, which is appeared by the 95 percent certainty of the got information. References Corridor, R. (2009). Splendid advertising. Harlow, England: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kerin, R., Hartley, S., Rudelius, W. (2009). Showcasing. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Peck, D. (2011). Think before you lock in. Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley Sons. Treadaway, C. Smith, M. (2010). Facebook promoting. Indianapolis: Wiley Pub.

The role of the IMF in helping poor and debt-troubled countries Assignment

The job of the IMF in helping poor and obligation pained nations - Assignment Example This job was solidified by the fall of the Soviet Union, where sovereign nations who were under the Soviet umbrella admired the IMF to remake their battered economies. In 1999, the IMF rebuilt its job from furnishing money related help to nations with low degrees of pay to lessening the paces of neediness and developing their economies (Bird 2). The IMF has built up itself as a parity of installment organization. Many creating nations experience a diligent current record equalization of installment deficiency. It is imperative to take note of that not all nations with this issue go to the foundation for help. At the point when a province can't get to outside financing or private capital market, they go to the IMF to settle the equalization of installment shortfall. Low save possessions have additionally been clarified as the purpose for the utilization of IMF assets by low salary nations. Poor nations have represented the biggest extent of the organization's help somewhere in the range of 1991 and 2002. They have moreover been depicted as having delayed utilization of IMF assets (Bird 8). The foundation's job of loaning to poor nations additionally assists with opening outer financing or rather filling in as an impetus for different establishments to loan to the nations concerned. By loaning to a nation, the IMF imparts a si gn demonstrating that the nation has sound monetary approaches, financial specialist certainty and a helpful situation for venture. Regarding the IMF, the conditions forced are arrangements which ought to be met before a nation can get any assets. These conditions mean to ensure that the part nation will inevitably have the option to settle its parity of installment issues and simultaneously reimburse the credit. The reserve has two kinds of conditions concerning loaning to creating nations. It forces quantitative and auxiliary conditions. Quantitative conditions incorporate macroeconomic objectives which must be

Englisg Language Yesterday, Today and Tomarrow

GO ANYWHERE. This articulation helps us how significance to remember English for human life is. As worldwide or all inclusive language, English isn't possibly empowers us to communicate†¦ Premium If You Given An Opportunity To Run a 3 Days Training On Excellent Public Speaking. How Would You Implement†¦ World and one of the most significant language in the World is English. As of now, English language is at number three on the most communicating in language in the World. Even†¦ Premium Important Of English Language figuring out how to convey in English is essential to enter and at last prevail in standard America.Working information on the English language can make many†¦ Premium Importance Of English Language 512 words (approx. 2 pages at 300 words for each page). [pic] More Information View The English Language Study Pack 96 Alternative Definitions Search Results†¦ Premium Importance Of English Language ? A considerable lot of us wonder about the significan ce of realizing English in this day and age. In any case, such issues are looked by individuals who can't communicate in the language fluidly. The need†¦ Premium Importance Of English Language most prominent conceivable adaptability, and happier individuals must put forth additional attempts to bring down import hindrances on least created nations exports.Developing countries†¦ Premium Importance Of English Language To The Students American football, referred to in the United States basically as football and in some cases as field outside the United States and Canada,[1][2] is a game played between two†¦ Premium Importance Of English Language SPELLING RULES 1. For a solitary syllable word, finishing in a solitary consonant went before by a solitary vowel twofold the consonant: swim; swimmer; swimming rob†¦ Premium Cultural Effects On English Language Collocation As Foreign Language and lexical collocation.For individuals who view the English language as an unknow n dialect or second language, its so hard to communicate it as great. This mini†¦ Premium Importance Of English least will be reasonable. There are different purposes behind the significance of English language. They are recorded underneath. 1. Travel: When an individual goes to another†¦ Premium Oral Communication In English Language as their mechanism of study and not their neighborhood language. This will again shows the significance of English language. English language will surely improve Malaysians†¦ Premium Importance Of English Education orld of globalization. English language is a typical language and is spoken in numerous nations. Nobody prevents the significance from securing English language in the present time†¦ Premium Investigating The English Language Needs Previous research in the field of designing demonstrated that English language is of foremost significance in the scholastic and expert existences of building students†¦ Premium Importance Of English of media, exchange and science. In Pakistan, the significance of English language is developing and now English language is obligatory in generally all schools and colleges†¦ PremiumImportance Of English and lavish in light of the fact that without the nearness of English tongue things is difficult to occur. So we ought to consider the significance of English language in day by day life†¦ Premium Importance Of English pioneers of different nations is generally in English. This connecting factor additionally recounts the significance of English language. 5. Web: regardless of the development of†¦ Premium Importance Of English In India IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE NATIONAL LIFE OF INDIA TODAY From 26 January 1965 Hindi has been proclaimed the official language of India. Be that as it may, alongside it†¦ Premium

MITiplication

MITiplication It was sometime during Act III of finals study week, in the pressure-cooker minutes before the curtains fell on our loose-spined textbooks and leafed-over study guides, that I asked aloud, “What is 7 times 47?” In the space of the paragraph break above, youve probably calculated the answer, brewed yourself a cup of coffee, and commented “FIRST!” on my blog already. Great. Were now ready to play a short psychological game. A private, procrastinatory research project that I adopted in the dwindling time before my first final showed that everyone* interviewed found the answer by one of three methods: *i.e., everyone likewise procrastinating in one of Random Halls lounges at 11 pm on Sunday. 1.Take 7 times 4, multiply by 10, add 7 times 7. 2.Take 7 times 5, multiply by 10, subtract 7 times 3. 3.Imagine a piece of paper, do cross-multiplication on your imaginary piece of paper with your imaginary pencil and eraser, and then proudly circle your imaginary answer. Ex: “7 times 7 is 49, drop the 9, carry the 4 to the next column, 7 times 4 is . . .” etc. My hypothesis is that if your first instinct was Method 2, youd also show a natural talent for parallel parking. Rationale: when evaluating the most direct route to your goal, be it the answer to a multiplication problem or the cathartic resolution to a neck-twisting parking maneuver, you dont hesitate to overshoot your target and then back up until youre perfectly centered. (By the same reasoning, people who followed Method 1 probably had trouble getting their drivers licenses; people who followed Method 3 should stick to riding bicycles.) It remains unclear whether this theory has valid support, but unexpected anecdotal data collected during the study has lead the author to vow against carpooling with certain denizens of Random Hall. Since Ive been having difficulties making Nobel-worthy discoveries in either of my summer UROPs this week, Ive decided to resurrect my parallel-parking-mental-multiplication (PPMM) experiment. Comment with (1) your natural method of calculation and (2) how often you rear-end other cars (if applicable). Data collection via blog comments is the new trend in science, so Ive heard. A subtle yet heartbreakingly crucial property of summer projects is that they tend to exist in pairs. Or triplets. Or where n-tuplets, where n = n+1 for every time that someone batters down your self-restraint with an email like: I conclude with a sampling of current projects filed under “Continued self-delusions of infinite free time”: 7. Rebuild the bridge from pikas balcony to pikas treehouse. 14. Deploy a Rube Goldberg machine in the basement, preferably designed around the theme of vegetarianism and explosives. 21. Eat at every single dim sum restaurant in Boston. (Alright, I will admit that this isnt a project so much as a function of my tidal desires to consume entire subrainbows of the culinary spectrum, especially compelling on Saturday mornings.) 28. Read the complete published works of David Foster Wallace, then metamorphosize into David Foster Wallace. 35. Take more photos with metaphoric gravitas, so that I can start a gallery collection and open a critically-acclaimed art exhibit at the List Center. To start: (Its a fence, and theres a sky behind it. It represents the human condition, or something.) 42. Start running up to 10 miles regularly. (Im at 6 miles right now.) 49. Witness the finishing of a 6000-piece jigsaw puzzle, a retina-melting endeavor started last night as a peaceful (thus far) collaboration between pika and WILG, two of MITs independent living groups. The puzzle itself is currently living in WILGs 2nd-floor lounge and, until completed, will remain an effective hindrance to activities like vacuuming. 56. Bike along the entire shoreline of Bostons Inner Harbor, or until I discover this to be an impossibility. View Larger Map Arathi and I made a reasonable effort on Wednesday. I hitched up the rust-barnacled, long-abandoned bicycle that I befriended in the humid depths of pikas garage (single-speed, one functional brake, cracked turquoise paint, perfectly unlovable) and we ETed ourselves into the cinematic sunset, pedaling along the Charles River, past the Science Museum, past wherever-we-originally-intended-to-go, around regally-named hotels, through Bostons touristy Colonial-era marketplaces and a irresistibly charming block of Little Italy (gelaterias, pastry shops, open-windowed pizza restaurants- all adorable in the way that somehow makes you want to re-watch The Godfather), up Beacon Hill, against rush-hour traffic, and finally: On second thought, lets add “Learn to parallel-park” to the list.

Juvenile Justice Final Paper D.C. Sniper Attacks - Free Essay Example

Abstract October 2002 was the beginning of three treacherous weeks in the Washington Metropolitan area. Not one Washingtonian wanted to believe what was occurring in the city. The D.C. sniper attacks were a series of well thought out shootings that continued for three weeks in October 2002. The D.C. sniper events took place in the states of Maryland and Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Ten citizens were killed and three citizens were seriously injured by John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo. Several of the shootings took place in the Washington Metropolitan area and along Interstate 95 in Virginia (Dwyer, 2018 ). The mastermind and leader behind all the D.C. sniper attacks was John Allen Muhammad. When the shootings took place Muhammad was 41 years old (Battle, 2018). His accomplice was Lee Boyd Malvo. Lee Boyd Malvo was only 17 at the time of the attacks making him a juvenile(Battle, 2018). Although he was a juvenile at the time of the attacks, he was tried as an adult after the attacks. The D.C. sniper shootings changed the lives of thousands in the D.C., Maryland and Virginia area. Reporters, investigators, and citizens all followed the story hoping to find a pattern from the angry serial killer. America later found out this was a random killing spree by a crazy lunatic. The shootings were all part of a huge plan put together by John Allen Muhammad. Although Muhammad initiated the idea of the attacks, Lee Boyd Malvo was the active shooter at each crime scene (Augenstein, 2018). When the shooting initially took place, investigators and nearby civilians thought the attack was coming from a white van. After more attacks occurred and investigators continued to follow the story they realized the white van was not responsible for the shooting. It was not until after several deaths when investigators discovered that these shootings were being conducted by John Allen Muhammad, and his young and confused teenage accomplice Lee Boyd Malvo. All of the shootings were conducted out of a blue 1990 Chevrolet Caprice sedan (Battle, 2018). On October 2 2002, a random shot was launched from a window of a Michaels Craft Store in Aspen Hill (Dwyer, 2018). Luckily no one was shot or killed at this scene. About an hour after the random shot, Muhammad and Malvo made their first attack in the Washington Metropolitan area. An innocent pedestrian named James Martin was shot and killed in the parking lot of a grocery store (History.com Editors, 2018). The Grocery store was located in Glenmont. James Martin was a 55-year-old program analyst at NOAA (Battle, 2018).The next morning, Malvo and Muhammad shot four more people within a span of two hours. The shootings took place in Montgomery County Maryland and other nearby areas. Only a couples hours after the four shootings Malvo and Muhammad began to shoot in another area. Another civilian was killed that evening in the District of Columbia, the shooting took place only ten minutes away from Maryland. In each shooting, the victims were killed by a single bullet fired from some distance(Nuamah, 2017). Although the majority of the shootings were completed with the same gun, investigators did not pick up on a pattern. The pattern was later detected after the shootings occurred on October 3 (Nuamah, 2017). The Washington metropolitan area was filled with despair. The news of the shooting was spreading everywhere including outside of the Washington metropolitan area. All parents were concerned and began picking their c hildren up from school early. Several parents did not allow their children to ride the bus back home from school. D.C. public schools and Montgomery County public schools were on lockdown. Not allowing anybody in or anybody out. Also restricting the youth from having outside lunch, outside physical education classes, and recess. Muhammad and Malvo were the topic of discussion and everybody had their eyes out for the murderers. Malvo and Muhammad moved through Maryland, Washington D.C., and Virginia which caused them to take more time before launching another attack. The snipers relentlessly pursued their killing spree until October 23. Lee Boyd Malvo was only 17 at the time of the attacks. Juveniles are often prosecuted in juvenile courts. Juveniles who are found guilty are sent to facilities that practice rehabilitation as well as punishment. Most Juveniles only spend up to 6 months incarcerated but juveniles who commit more heinous crimes are detained until age 21. Investigators, lawyers, and judges did not have any mercy on a juvenile who committed such horrible crimes. Prosecutors did not waste any time when applying state laws that allow juveniles charged with serious felonies such as murder to be treat ed as adults. Although Malvo was a juvenile, he was still tried as an adult and prosecuted in traditional criminal courts rather than courts set up for juvenile delinquency. Juveniles being tried as adults is an area of the law that many citizens do not agree with because it does not allow the juvenile to grow and reap the benefits of the rehabilitative programs set up for nurturing juveniles. Because Lee Boyd Malvo shot and killed several innocent civilians he never got the opportunity to be accused of committing a delinquent act. He was formally charged with a crime since the first day of court. If Lee Boyd Malvo had been tried as a juvenile he would have had the opportunity to be under the authority of the juvenile courts until he was an adult. This would have been a year of age appropriate treatment and healthy rehabilitation until Malvo was an adult or even longer. Lee Boyd Malvo is now a convicted murderer. He is currently serving multiple life sentences at Red Onion State Prison in Virginia, a supermax prison(Augenstein, 2018). Lee Boyd Malvo was classified as a psychopathic serial killer. Researchers have debated whether or not his psychopathy had anything to do with the vicious killing spree. Lee Boyd Malvo said he was brainwashed and forced to be a part of the attacks(Lavoie, 2018). Malvo claims he was manipulated into believing that the $10 million ransom sought from the US government to stop the sniper killings would be used to establish a Utopian society for one hundred and forty homeless black children on a Canadian compound(Lavoie, 2018). Lee Boyd Malvo and his mother, Una Sceon James, had their first encounter with John Allen Muhammad in Antigua and Barbuda around 1999(Battle, 2018). Una Sceon James and John Al len Muhammad were involved in a romantic relationship. After a couple years of living together, Malvos mother moved from Antigua to Fort Myers, Florida (Augenstein, 2018). She used fake documents to come to America (Augenstein, 2018). Malvo was left behind with John Allen Muhammad. Muhammad became a father figure to Malvo. Malvos mother had planned to smuggle her son to America in the near future. In 2001 Malvo traveled to America and arrived in Miami. After only a couple of months he and his mother were both caught by the Border Patrol(Augenstein, 2018). Una James was deported to Jamaica on December 15, 2002 in the aftermath of the shootings (Dwyer, 2018). Malvo served time at a local jail until he was released on bond in January 2002. After being released from jail Malvo moved to Bellingham, Washington, where he lived in a homeless shelter with Muhammad(Augenstein, 2018). Regardless of not having much money and living in a homeless shelter, Malvo enrolled in Bellingham High School. In order for him to enroll in school Muhammad had to lie and list himself as Malvos father (Augenstein, 2018). After the shootings, students from Bellingham High school spoke out about Malvo saying he never spoke to anyone at school and he did not make any friends. One day after school Malvo shoplifted a Bushmaster XM-15 from Bulls Eye Shooter Supply (Augenstein, 2018). This gun would later be used in all the vicious attacks in the Washington Metropolitan area. Malvo was initially arrested and charged with more than one federal offense. The charges were quickly dropped due to location. Malvo was moved to a jail in Fairfax county Virginia. He was later charg ed by the Commonwealth of Virginia for two capital crimes: the murder of FBI analyst Linda Franklin in the commission of an act of terrorism and the murder of more than one person in a three-year period (citation). Not only was he charged with murder, he was also charged with the unlawful use of a firearm in the murder of Franklin (citation). While in jail Malvo made a recorded confession to Detective Samuel Walker in which he stated that he intended to kill them all (citation). His court venue was later moved from FairFax Virginia to Chesapeake Virginia. Malvo pleaded not guilty. He claims he was insane and was under the complete control of Muhammad. Malvo should have received more sympathy from the court because he was a juvenile at the time of the shootings. Although his crimes were diabolical, he should have been tried as a juvenile. Juvenile courts are responsible for three categories of youths which include delinquents, status offenders, and dependent and neglected children. Lee Boyd Malvo was technically a delinquent at the time of the shooting because he committed crimes that would be defined as criminal even if he was an adult. Juvenile courts cover both misdemeanors and felonies but Lee Boyd Malvo was not given the chance for Juvenile court. Lee Boyd Malvo was also a dependent/neglected child at the time of the shootings. His mother had left him with Muhammad and after moving to America he became a slave to Muhammad. Malvo could have easily been affected by Anomie theory. Anomie theory can also be defined as normlessness. It is the lack of normal or ethical or social standards. The Anomie theory first emerged in 1893 by French sociologist David ?†°mile Durkheim. Durkheim first explained the idea of Anomie theory in his book entitled The division of labor in Society. In the book Durkheim indicated that the rules of how individuals interact with one another were deteriorating and therefore people were unable to determine how to interact with one another. He is saying that the expectations of behavior were unclear and the system has broken down. Durkheim claims that normlessness can cause extreme deviant behavior, depression, and suicide. The idea of Anomie theory explains individuals who choose criminal activity because the individual believes there is no reason not to. Lee Boyd Malvo was partially raised by a malicious psychopath who more than likely taught him to do wrong things. He never had anyone to explain to him what was wrong and right. He was only taught to follow demands from Muhammad without question. People such as John Allen Muhammad use corruptive and manipulative techniques to tak e control of other people. They brainwash their partners using a practice called perspecticide. When the word partner is used people usually think of a romantic partner. However a partner can be any person who takes part in an activity with another or many other people. In this case Lee Boyd Malvo serves as John Allen Muhammad partner in crime. People who are in an abusive relationship are more likely to become victim to perspecticide. In several interviews Malvo says Muhammad would often physically abuse him when growing up and used extreme physical abuse when planning for the attacks. Malvo also says he was sexually molested by Muhammad. Muhammad used physical abuse to make Malvo believe so many things that arent true. He no longer understood what was real and what was fake, he only knew what Muhammad told him. Malvo had become a prisoner in his own life. He was not allowed to do anything unless Muhammad told him to do it. He ultimately could not think on his own and depended on Muhammad for instruction. Whi le Malvo was on trial, one of his public defenders said that violent video games had also affected the way Malvo was thinking. The brutally violent video games also contributed to Malvos willingness to commit murder. Cooley his public defendant said, Hes trained and desensitized with video games, computer games, to train him to shoot human forms over and over(citation). Malvo could have been affected by social learning theory if he played the violent video game every day. It is proven that People learn through observing others behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors(citation). If Malvo only had interactions with Muhammad and violent video games, it would be easy for him to learn violent behavior. Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. (Bandura). Sociologists Lawrence Kutner and Cheryl K. Olson who followed and studied the case argue against Malvo. Kutner and Olson say his testimony in court proves he was not influenced only by video games. Malvo admitted to shooting a real gun at paper plates. The paper plates would represent a human head. Prior to the D.C. sniper shootings Malvo had a background of being antisocial. He also had a criminal background that included torturing animals at a young age. Torturing animals is one of the most famous signs of future violent criminal acts (citation). Despite the many negative aspects that could have encouraged Lee Boyd Malvo to engage in the terrorist like D.C. sniper shootings, he was still convicted of both charges. The jury deliberated for over 13 hours and decided on convicting Malvo with both charges. The jury thought this was the best way to serve justice to all the families who lost someone in the reckless attacks. The jury harshly recommended a sentence of life in prison. As if life in prison was not harsh enough for a 17 year old minor, the jury also recommended that Malvo have no chance at getting out of prison. They recommended life without the possibility of parole for the murder of Franklin. On March 10, 2004, Malvo was sentenced to life in prison without parole (citation). Seven months after being sentenced to life in prison without parole Malvo returned back to court under a plea bargain. Malvo was willing to plead guilty in order to avoid getting the death penalty. Malvo knew that the death penalty was a huge option especially because Muhammad had been sentenced to death earlier in the year. Malvo pleaded guilty to attempting to murder Caroline Seawell while in Virginia and murdering Kenneth Bridges (citation). While in court, Malvo also pleaded guilty to having two illegal firearms. The firearms were found in the vehicle with Muhammad and Malvo when they were both caught sleeping. Malvo was later sentenced again to life in prison without parole for murder. The judge also added eight additional years to his life sentence due to the weapons charges (citation). Although Malvo had already been sentenced to life in prison with an additional 8 years, Virginia prosecutors in Prince William County still wanted him to receive the death penalty. The prosecutors decided to wait before attempting to have Malvo executed. They could not move forward with charging Malvo with addit ional capital charges because he was a juvenile at the time of shooting. It was up to the U.S. Supreme Court to decide whether juveniles could be officially sentenced to death and executed by the U.S. government (citation). In 2005 the Supreme Court decision in Roper v. Simmons highlighted the fact that the Eighth Amendment does not allow execution for crimes committed when under the age of 18. Therefore, the prosecutors in Prince William County could not move forward with charging Malvo. Malvo and Muhammad had murdered civilians all around the Washington metropolitan area. They also murdered people in Louisiana and Alabama. Although the prosecutors in Prince William County could not proceed, prosecutors in Maryland, Louisiana and Alabama were still interested in putting both Malvo and Muhammad to death. Lee Boyd Malvo could face more sentencing in Alabama and Louisiana. Malvo being under the age of 18 when committing the crimes may be the only reason he is still alive. As of right now he cannot face the death penalty. Both Muhammad and Malvo were both arrested in Maryland. Although they were arrested in Maryland they were extradited to Virginia because of the different laws on the death penalty. The death penalty is allowed in Maryland, however it does not apply to people under the age of 18 when committing a crime. Virginia laws do allow the death penalty to people under the age of 18 when committing a crime. Prosecutors wanted both Muhammad and Malvo to be sentence d to death and they knew the sentencing was more likely to result in execution in Virginia than in Maryland. Virginia is known for executing murderers where Maryland has a reputation of being more lenient than Virginia. Maryland later abolished its death penalty for both juveniles and adults in 2013. Because Malvo and Muhammad had committed various crimes across state lines it was hard for the courts to come to a decision. After three long years Maryland and Virginia came to an agreement. Maryland was able to start the prosecuting process for some of the many charges Muhammad and Malvo had pending. When Maryland began prosecuting Malvo, he was extradited back to Maryland. Malvo was finally moved to Montgomery County, Maryland under heavy security before receiving his final sentencing. In conclusion, Lee Boyd Malvo served as an accomplice to John Allen Muhammad in the 2002 D.C. Sniper attacks. Malvo could have easily been brainwashed due to the way he grew up and the people around him. Although he should pay for what he did to innocent Americans, he did not receive any sympathy for his upbringing or for his mental health. Malvo also did not receive any rehabilitative service as a Juvenile. Although h e will spend the remainder of his life in prison rehabilitative services, mental health programs, therapy, and human interaction can be beneficial to him changing as a person.