Rhetorical Analysis Of Here s Why Suspensions Won Not...

Rhetorical Strategies in â€Å"Here s Why Suspensions Won t Deter PED Users Like Maria Sharapova† The use of PED (performance-enhancing drugs) is always a popular topic especially since the Olympic game passed by. Author Zach Petersel’s article: Here s Why Suspensions Won t Deter PED Users Like Maria Sharapova claims that punishment for taking PED is incremental, while the benefits are exponential. After carefully reading the article, I think the article would be great to be printed in the Shorthorn of the University of Arlington. First of all, Zach made a clear and strong claim. He also builds his credibility by using one of the most famous cases that happened on the famous athletics to make the article, and he addresses an issue that lots of the college student will be interest in. In the article, the author, Zach claims that suspensions will not deter PED users like Maria Sharapova. Zach reasons that although the highest-paid female athlete Sharapova received a suspension of about a year because of her use of PED, she still owns some sponsorships and aids, and her net worth is about $125 million a year. Sharapova’ reputation might be untarnished because of her play to the public. Zach states that the behaviors like Sharapova’s will cause a negative effect to the society and we need to find a way to solve this problem. The article would be great to many of the readers and highly recommend it to be published in the Shorthorn because first of all, this article is coherent

Surprising Details Regarding Essay Topics for Scholarships Samples Exposed

Surprising Details Regarding Essay Topics for Scholarships Samples Exposed New Step by Step Roadmap for Essay Topics for Scholarships Samples The committee will present their approval on Tuesday. For example, your professor will observe you've carried out good research. Students should reveal their qualities and other vital things in the scholarship. Learn more on the subject of the Build U. Scholarship. Essay Topics for Scholarships Samples Help! When these essays can look like a little step toward your future, they're a step nonetheless. You may acquire an idea for a starting point in your essay. Don't forget, an admission essay sample may be a good way to find out more about the writing procedure and understand the task better. Don't rush writing and revising. What You Must Know About Essay Topics for Scholarships Samples Besides the phonetic rhythm, it's important to produce your essay dynamic by its sense. Chemistry is a subject which, basically, supplies you with u seful information regarding the different substances or forms of materials which make up the physical world around us and the way in which they behave or react with one another. Both examples manage the very same theme (sick parent) but utilize various approaches. There are a couple characteristics that may give rise to a high quality essay that might not be included in several other kinds of documents. The general format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely are based on the instructions provided to you. The 16 themes below are created that you use as a reference until you are able to spot them all on your own. Be sure to follow along with the correct format, consisting of the general sections of an essay. Humor and irony will ensure it is simpler for your reader to process the info, giving a chance to have a brief break for the brain and relax somewhat. The grammar of an essay may also be checked very easily and there is absolutely no headache at the conclusion of the day. Tattoo is a type of art made by the qualified artists. Tattoos mean various things to various folks. Facts, Fiction and Essay Topics for Scholarships Samples Essays are often needed for scholarship applications. The Mobility Disability Scholarship is available to students that have a mobility disability, and people who have a regard for disability awareness in the united states. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. The career theme is really self-explanatory. To compose a History essay out of imagination is impossible. An excellent essay is one which leaves an enduring impression. You need to be really sure of what you are likely to achieve from your extended essay. Crafting a great essay, made easy Getting an ideal essay with an essay writing tool isn't a challenging job. Don't forget to begin your essay strongit should be able to spark the interests of your readers. Even in the event that you take a notion from this kind of essay, make certain you produce that idea in your words and cite some appropriate source. At times, the quotes of famous people may enhance your essay. Economic essays are therefore not that hard to write, all you need to do is to pick a correct topic for essays on economics. No need to set your marks and grades in danger when you are in possession of an expert essay writing software on hand. While you cannot predict every essay question, knowing some of the most typical ones may give you an advantage on applications. Prior to beginning, bear in mind an excellent understanding of appropriate spelling, punctuation and grammar may be real boost to both your business writing and the true success of your company. Does trade always provides any comparative benefits. Essay Topics for Scholarships Samples - Overview The standar d and effectiveness of the last essay make it quite readable. You are able to obtain nearly every Sample essay online for unique subjects. Let EssayEdge help you compose an application essay which gets noticed. Viewing a Sample essay and considering the matter of plagiarism is quite important.

Impacts of Corruption on Decision Making - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theImpacts of Corruption on Decision Making for World Bank. Answer: Introduction Corruption is definable as the process through which an individual misuses the public power, public resources, or even private resources to make a decayed decision that deviates from the set criterion as a result of receiving a reward (Bentzen, 2012). Corruption has encroached into the global society making it a day to day norm, therefore, United Nations, World Bank, and other international bodies have realized the need of fighting against it. Most of Corruption in political and business arenas that eventually affects the moral actions and cultural values. Corruption is common when a large sum of money, or vast quantities of products such as pharmaceuticals or even when multiple players are involved. Whenever corruption happens, a lot of money and resource are lost, thereby drawing back the countries, organizational economics, and profit collection. Furthermore, corruption taints bad images to the partners involved; therefore a significant number of individuals, states, and organizat ions strive so hard to launch fight against corruption to regain their reputation (Asongu, 2012). The fight has led to the ranking of different companies in the transparency site with Denmark at the top of the list as the less corrupt. According to corruption perception index 2016, Canada placed number nine, with a score of 82 compared to 83 in 2015 show that the country is working toward reducing corruption in all sectors (Barutciski Bandhi, 2015). However, some companies and individuals in Canada still engage in corruption activities. To that effect, there is need to restudy the corruption in the country. The paper examines the impact of corruption on the senior management and how these results are able to be alleviated. The paper narrows down to a Canadian company known as SNC Lavaln that has been prone to corruption cases. Corruption does not represent a substantial to doing business in Canada as the country poses clear regulations and transparent institutions that are liable to raising concerns and investigating allegations made about corruption, or illegal business activity (Jain, 2017). The Canadian government has placed policy and rules against bribery making the Criminal Code of Canada is the necessary policy that allows the Canadian courts, police and other public services to fights corruption, bribery, and abuse of the office. However, some percentages of Canadians still face fraud charges. Discussion and Analysis According to the corruption report done by the Canadian government, more than four in ten people always witness wrongdoing at work again creating the need to examine the transparency rate in Canada (Dan, 2016). The evidential name of the Canadian company that has faced corruption allegations and charges is the SNC Lavaln. SNC Lavalin is one of the leading engineering and construction company based in Montreal; the firm deals with wide range of products such as mining and metallurgy, oil and gas, water and both hydro and nuclear power. The company came into light of corruption in 2010 when murky report succeeded against the organization of corruption allegations. The company accused in 2008 of bribery and financial fraud that related to the renovation and modernization contract of the hydroelectric power stations in India. The investigations carried out by both the Canadian and Indian government led to the expulsion of several Indian government officials that led to the loss of about exchequer 37.45. The event prompted the Canadian government to place more emphasis on the series of ethics and compliance initiatives within the SNC Lavalin. The company faces other controversies such as the relationship between it with the Muammar Gaddafis government, which led to leaving behind of about $ 22.9 million in the Libyans banks when the company pulled out. Another controversial relationship includes that of Dr. Arthur Porter former chief executive officer of the University Health Centers that saw the company winning a controversial contract of $1.3 billion after receiving a bribe of about $22.5 million. These numbers of corruptions later in September 2013, led to blacklisting of SNC Lavalin and its affiliates from bidding on the World Banks global projects. Although it is common to all business that every activity engaged should be a profit making some activities tends to cause of bad brand image, therefore, there is profound need to protect the goodwill and acceptance of the business among the stakeholders. If a business a business .Corruption in business at most of the time affects the stakeholders mostly in the management positions. Business corruption usually occurs between the managers and official public engagement who seek t service in favor of others. Some of the favors are either legitimate or illegitimate (Vazquez 2016). Examples of the legitimate favors requested by the business from the public officials include seeking of trading rights, license, permits, and award of contract tender without following stipulated procedures while the illegitimate favors include activities that business engages to evade lawful payments such as the tax evasion, suppression of wrongdoing. Managers being the primary decision makers find it very difficult to carry out their mandates in corruption-related environments (Godinez Liu, 2016). The manager always operates between moral conscience and profit objectives and conflicts between one's legal obligations and career advancements. Decision making in a corruption-related situation is different and more difficult than deciding ethical decision-making process (Sun et al., 2011). The ethical decision-making process involves the concept of differentiating the wrong from the right, while the corruption-related decision involves consideration of the companys values, and other factors such as personal gain of wealth. The corrupt decision-making process tends to be slow in comparison to the ethical decision making. The process always tends to be time-consuming because the players involved never want to decrease the information from the public, thereby making it follow longer steps. The corruption causes difficulty in monetary decisions by the manager as the payments and the bribes always tend to raise the overall business operations (Lee Eo, 2016). The increased level of operation hinders possible growth by not allowing a free market to operate. The high operation levels always pose companies to be in financial constraint therefore affecting the ability to pay suppliers, the employees and any other subscription of any legal requirement as a result there is a slowdown of the company activities such that might lead to the expulsion of the manager from the position. Decision making in a corrupted situation is always challenging, lengthy and requires sensitivity from the management so as to prevent the scam getting into the public platform that might call on the investigations. As a result of the care taken, certain activities tend to take much time before accomplishment (Ngira, 2015). Managers always find it difficult to make decisions against the subordinate that are still caught doing suspicious activities such as bribe as many tend to argue in respect to the company or the interdicted leader. They tend to justify their situation as the business culture since also the leaders also practice it. Whichever way, decisions made by the managers, always result into either positive or negative impact to the organization (Intezari Panteen, 2016)). When a body is allegedly or charged with corruption, they tend to face significantly lower returns on assets and sales. Studies show that corporate social responsibility directly relates to the behaviors of the society that are considerable to be the source of the market to the companies. With the tainted image, some customers tend to shy away from the products and services. The reduced return places the manager in a desperate situation in making decisions due to financial constraints. When a company is corrupt, the culture tends to change making the staffs react differently as some tend to follow the leader's traits of corruption. The unwanted culture makes the management to be difficult (Dexit, 2015). The decision making in a corrupt environment is always tricky with the tainted image; the business consistently faces rejection in some business transactions and tender award and might end up blacklisted. Strategies that can be adopted in Fighting Corruption From the discussion above, there is no doubt that corruption has a significant number of adverse effects on the organization and the management decision-making process. Therefore in dealing with the crime-related situations, managers need to enlarge the frame of reference of their title to include the rejection of the stakeholder and the possibility of business closure. Good governance helps in alleviating corruption in business (Dexit, 2015). Good governance ensures strengthening of the business ethics that comprises principles and standards that offer guidance to the behavior of the stakeholders of a particular industry. Examples of business ethics include honesty, conflict of interest, fairness, communications organizational relationship education, end of impunity. The first stage of fighting corruption is always the ending of the impunity through enforcement of stringent laws and regulations that will see the culprits punished. Honesty is a virtue that requires being open and transparent in all issues, and this will help to avoid the recruitment of individual who is out to launder the organizations' resources (Asongu, 2012). The transparency will allow easy access to the organizations information that eases auditing hence reduces the probability of corruption as it put the managers under the watch. The company can also reduce the corruption activities through the creation of a stringent rule that deals with the unethical behaviors by education and training on the required business ethics. The training will ensure that the business culture is maintainable resulting in an excellent organizational relationship. The organization should always perform resource and finance management through contracting independent auditing agencies as they tend to rebuild confidence and image more than personal auditing. Fairness is the quality of embracing equitability and impartiality to all the stakeholders by following the applicable rules and laws within a given societal domain. Conflict of interest exists when different societal fields exist in the same situation differently for example when a manager has to choose between their interest and that of the group. With the aid of education among the society and the staffs, alleviation of corruption is achievable as many people can know and understand the justice and legal actions in case of such thing happen for them. The strengthening of the society to demand transparency will help in putting the organizations into accountability. Corruption in the business is preventable through the change of the top corrupt management officials and placed to face full punishment by the government (Vazquez, 2016). The government can even close down the entire international loopholes that enable the corruptible companies and individual to hide the public resources. Such moves include the launch by the European Union of Anti-Money Laundering directive that requires all members of the European Union to register all the beneficial owners of companies established with their borders even though kept out of public view. Hofstedes Model on Corruption Hofstede model designed by Greet Hofstede who based the research on the cultural diversification and differences grouped in four. These are individualistic, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and long-term orientation. The model is used to investigate and analyze corruption perception index. Culture as the independent variable to come up with dimensions that relate to corruption uncertainty avoidance; a cultural restraint relates way people respond to uncertain situation especially when decisions are needed as they prefer organization with well-established cultural values. The model explains the future orientation as the extent to which a society focuses on the organizational future that requires proper decision making in planning, controlling, and organizing. Institutional collectiveness collaborates when individuals get encouraged to be included in the groups within the organization as a result of the transparency of the company. When people join the groups, then d ecision making is straightforward and simple for the senior management. Human orientation allows the individual to have the ability to be tolerant of mistakes done with another individual at the same time hold the high degree of responsibility. Therefore business and governments must acknowledge that roles of culture in fighting corruption. Conclusion Corruption affects the economic development of an organization and a country. The unethical activity results to loss of public resources such as many, damage of the brand image, reduction of sales turn out. For the success of an organization, decisions made by the managers, and this always tends to be difficult in a corruption-related situation. The crime that takes place within a small enterprise still affects the general image of a country, thus leading to acquiring different ranking bin the transparency list. Therefore, it is upon the organizational leadership and the government to strengthen the measures placed to curb any corruption. References Asongu, S. (2012). Globalization, (Fighting) Corruption and Development: How are These Phenomena Linearly and Nonlinearly Related in Wealth Effects?. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2493263 Barutciski, M., Bandali, S. (2015). Corruption at the Intersection of Business and Government: The OECD Convention, Supply-Side Corruption and Canada's Anti-Corruption Efforts to Date. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2691496 Bentzen, J. (2012). How Bad is Corruption? Cross-country Evidence of the Impact of Corruption on Economic Prosperity. Review Of Development Economics, 16(1), 167-184. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2011.00653.x Das, N. (2016). Corruption and Corporate Corruption. Anveshana: Search For Knowledge, 6(2), 101. https://dx.doi.org/10.23872/aj/2016/v6/i2/139212 Dixit, A. (2015). How Business Community Institutions Can Help Fight Corruption. The World Bank Economic Review, 29(suppl 1), S25-S47. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhv016 Godinez, J., Liu, L. (2016). Corruption and Its Effects on FDI: Analysing the Interaction Between the Corruption Levels of the Home and Host Countries and Its Effects at the Decision-Making Level. Journal Of Business Ethics. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3380-7 Intezari, A., Pauleen, D. (2017). Conceptualizing Wise Management Decision-Making: A Grounded Theory Approach. Decision Sciences. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/deci.12267 Jain, A. (2017). Fighting corruption: contemporary measures in Canada. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 23(1), 93-116. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2016.1270846 Lee, K., Eo, Y. (2016). The impact of corruption on budgetary decision making for disaster management in local government. The Korean Journal Of Local Government Studies, 20(2), 153-179. https://dx.doi.org/10.20484/klog.20.2.7 Ngira, D. (2015). Corruption and Human Rights: The Role of Judicial Activism in the 'Fight' Against Corruption. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2670770 Sun, Y., Li, S., Bonini, N., Su, Y. (2011). Graph-Framing Effects in Decision Making. Journal Of Behavioral Decision Making, 25(5), 491-501. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.749 Vazquez, P. (2016). Family Business Ethics: At the Crossroads of Business Ethics and Family Business. Journal Of Business Ethics. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3171-1

Photos of Vietnam War

Table of Contents Introduction Reflexive-dialogic introduction Literature review Analytic section Conclusions Reference List Appendices Introduction Experiences of journalists in the Vietnam War changed media reporting of wars today. The media reported uncensored events of the war to the public. These stories and photographs changed the public’s opinion about the war. The War took place between 1957 and 1975 in South Vietnam.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Photos of Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Vietnam War claimed over 60,000 American soldiers and over 2 million Vietnamese. These figures are estimates as the exact number of casualties are extremely difficult to know. Arguably, this was the most unpopular war among Americans. Critics and veterans believed that explicit and negative coverage of the war changed public opinion about it. Media have the capacity to shape opinions i.e. they can change the way we â€Å"think, feel, and react about situations and events† (Altheide, 2009). This explains why the two iconic photos changed Americans view about the War. The first one depicts napalmed child (Accident Napalm of 1972). The second is the execution of an alleged Viet Cong soldier by an American marine in the street of Saigon (Tet Execution of 1968). The review of literature and analysis shall show effects of the mass media on viewers and their views regarding the war. The analysis shall also involve common themes that emerged during the war due to media involvement and iconic photos that changed reporting style of subsequent wars. These two photos reflect moments of horrors during the Vietnam War. Critics considered these images iconic because of emotions they created among American viewers. In order to understand image representations of the Vietnam War, this study shall rely on semiotic analyses of photos through identifications of central ideas . We shall explore meanings behind photographs using signs and expressions, and how they relate to cultural aspects of society. Semiotic analyses enable us to understand meanings attributed to images and viewers’ perceptions of images in a given social context.Advertising Looking for dissertation on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Different aspects of these photos can have different meanings to different people based on their cultural orientations. These iconic photos reveal the importance of photojournalism in reporting war events. Reflexive-dialogic introduction It is not possible to explain why the US government did not regulate media coverage of the Vietnam War. Americans watched all events of the war and viewed photographs obtained during the war. The media raised public concerns about the war and the rising number of casualties of the US soldiers. The question is whether events of the Vietnam War c reated better opportunities for media reporters, photographers and commentators to question Americans involvement in the War. The role of the media in the Vietnam War also raises issues of what the media ought to censor and report to the public. For instance, issues of Tet Offensive, Accidental Napalm, and other gruesome events that showed death and massive destruction created impressions that the Vietnam War was like that in Saigon and other areas. It could be that media representations of the war angered soldiers. Soldiers believed that media had biased reporting especially in the Tet Offensive where the media portrayed that the US was losing the battle, and the only way out was to withdraw from the war. This is because a section of the media portrayed dead US soldiers killed during the war. This kind of reporting gave critics opportunities to accuse mass media of bias. On the other hand, the media also claimed that they were reflecting perception of Americans regarding the war. M any issues could have changed Americans’ opinions about the war. These could have been increases in taxes to cater for costs of the war and the rising number of casualties. These issues were influential during the war than media reporting. Critics wonder whether media undermined activities of soldiers and the government in the Vietnam War.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Photos of Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The clash between the military and the media is inevitable. The media need to report events as they are while the military focuses on winning the war and minimizing the number of casualties. Reporting these events means freedom, complete access to news, no censorship and rapid communications of news to the audience by media. Conversely, the military wants restricted access and control of information. The media believe that attempts by the military to restrict access only aim at protecting their mistakes and enhancing their public image. These issues and differences remain crucial to relationships between the media and the military. The media and military can work together. However, there is always a strange sense of animosity that can ruin such efforts of working together. This happens due to lack of understanding between the media and the military. Based on their opposing objectives and missions, the relationship between the media and military shall remain strained. Literature review In the beginning of the Vietnam War, many correspondents expressed their supports for the war. At the time, the media did not question the US involvement in the Vietnam War. In fact, the media roles were to inform the US public and portray positive sides of the war. However, this trend changed with the Vietnam War as reporters and photographs started questioning the US government intentions and its roles in the war. The media focused on doubts and growing numbers of war casu alties. As a result, the public changed its opinion about the war. Reporters and photographers portrayed sad pictures and horrifying scenes of the Vietnam War. According to Allen and Seaton, wrong representations of war by photojournalists can create confusion and misunderstanding among audience (Allen and Seaton, 1999). These authors argue that media coverage is responsible for misunderstanding due to lack of adequate information. For instance, media portrayed that the US was losing the war and that there were increasing casualties and atrocities. Scholars have noted that this happened because of total freedom the media got in covering the Vietnam War and reporting what they wished. This is how the media bias influenced Americans against the war. On the other hand, Allan highlights how the Vietnam War changed war reporting today.Advertising Looking for dissertation on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is what he refers to as objective reporting in the mass media (Allan, 2010). Allan looks at factors like cultural dynamism, racism, and sexism, and how they shape news reporting. The author also takes into consideration the role of various institutions, viewers, and practices of the media in reporting news. As the media started to report atrocities of the war and its politics, the public confidence changed. Americans doubted the government’s account about the war. The media resorted to investigative journalism in order to ascertain facts behind news the government released to the public. Before then, Allen and Seaton noted that media portrayal of wars fuelled hatred and ethnic loyalties. They also depicted how relying on vague and unfounded claims could trigger negative perceptions about the war (Allen and Seaton, 1999). Photographs and reports played significant roles in changing the public opinion against the government and the war. Misrepresentation of information by the media led the public to believe that the US soldiers had lost the war. The media acted as crucial sources of information for the public. On this note, Altheide notes that mass media can shape the content and form of war experiences (Altheide, 2009). Altheide focuses on mass media and their effects on propaganda, war on terrorism, and events after the 9/11 twin attacks. The author argues that it is fear that is responsible for the changing discourse and social meanings of wars. The author further looks at intervention strategies and how media stories influence future responses. Following claims that the US could not win the War at Tet Offensive, the US government decided that the public should receive optimistic news. This marked the regulation of contents the public could access. Since the US government did not censor news reporting, the public could receive photographs and live horrors of the war. People made films and accessed brutal images of the war. Photographs of the war s hocked the general public and significantly shifted the people’s opinion against the war. At the same time, â€Å"power of photography came to light, and how it could show brutality and assaults of the war† (Allan, 2010). Both still and moving pictures had significant influences about the horror of the war. Whereas the Vietnam War representations in motion pictures took new turns with symbols, images, and metaphors, still pictures remained factual representations of the war. Consequently, scholars have studied major themes relating to social, political, and cultural meanings of these films (Auster and Quart, 1988). The famous photo where General Nguyen Ngoc Loan executes a Viet Cong soldier in the street of Saigon (Tet Execution) has gained recognition over time. The General shot the soldier in a street before cameras. This photograph was responsible for increasing resentment among Americans about the war. This execution helped people change their opinions about the wa r and the role of the US government in the Vietnam War. Another photograph of interest is the photo of â€Å"a nine-year-old girl fleeing naked and shouting after sustaining serious burn from the napalm† (Accidental Napalm 1972). There were also other photographs of massive influence. These included a photo of a Buddhist monk protesting against the war by burning himself to death, and at home, the Kent State University protest. These photographs played crucial roles in bringing real images of the war to the public. Americans did not like what they saw on televisions and read on newspapers. Cottle observes that news and reporting are not neutral among different cultures. As a result, messages have cultural meanings and assumptions about various societies (Cottle, 2004). Photographs are best forms of representations. However, in the modern time, influences of photographs representation in wars have stirred different political and ideological concerns. We cannot separate photogr aph representations from the culture of journalism and the public they serve. Allen and Seaton note that media reporting should go behind ethnicity and relations to cultural context when reporting events (Allen and Seaton, 1999). They note that due to lack of sufficient information, the media may create misunderstanding. According to these authors, ethnicity is dynamic and has different constructions. Contemporary society has come with methods of regulating access to information, pictures and films through rating their contents to different viewers. This is a way of creating and enhancing preferred values and ideologies among viewers. However, restrictions of representations can achieve limited result. This is because images can have their own lives before the audience. In addition, they cannot have fixed and concrete meaning. Representations of images always create a gap between intended meanings and realized meanings. From the above observation, we can note that representations ma y create errors, misunderstanding, and inconsistency. Thus, we cannot guarantee factual representations based on interpretation of signs in various cultures. According to Andersen, the relationship between the media and war is deep. She notes that the focus is on the public’s perception (Andersen, 2006). Therefore, reporting helps in justification of wars and influence future wars. The author argues that war consists of â€Å"death and suffering, protest and pain, guilt and abuse and struggle for representation† (Andersen, 2006). However, this representation has changed over time as methods of reporting have changed, and censorship and propaganda have acquired new meanings. The author argues that technology has transformed representation of war as the film industry has changed wars into forms of entertainment. On war and propaganda, Hammond notes that changes have occurred. He concludes that Western military operation has acquired new dimensions of representation using new technologies that promote propaganda (Hammond, 2007; Cottle, 2004). In this view, Hammond notes that the media only serves to accelerate wars due to diverse misconceptions and political interests. The author also observes that power is at the central, and its projection leads to a lack of cohesion and orientation at home. Anderegg and Grey looked at various films representing the Vietnam War and noted that such representations used myths and metaphors in order to reflect glamorised standards of Hollywood (Anderegg, 1991; Grey, 1992). Anderegg also noted that later representations of the Vietnam War strived to capture real events but with new twists and myths. The author was keen on representations of issues regarding â€Å"power and powerlessness of victims and soldiers, gender roles, and racial views these films captured† (Anderegg, 1991). He also noted how teaching of the Vietnam War changed regarding contents and the intended audience. Photographs acted as means of re presenting the war in Vietnam to Americans. The US public believed that photographs had accurate representations of the war. The reasons for the US withdrawal from the war may not be certain. However, it is clear that photos and live reporting of events significantly swayed the public opinion about the war. Gilboa takes a cross-cultural look in an attempt to understand the relationship between media and wars. The author notes that media reporting is necessary in conflict management, resolution and transformation. In this case, the media influence conflict representation particularly with identity and ethnicity (Gilboa, 2002). According to Der Derian, technology and video game industry have created flawed systems in real wars and responses (Der Derian, 2009; Franklin, 2000). According to the author, the US has blundered due to over reliance on technology, virtue, and threats of terror. He also notes that technological representations of wars depict a low risk affair. Representations of the Vietnam War took different aspects. Hixson portrays various ways in which people have kept memories of the war (Hixson, 2000). However, these representations deviated from actual events as films begun to produce motion pictures for commercial purposes. According to Sturken, representations of the Vietnam War and AIDS epidemic have transformed the US culture. The author looks at effects of camera images on cultural memory, media fantasy, trauma that survivors experience and how healing processes can smooth tensions. Scholars portray a culture of amnesia among Americans when it comes to recalling events of war (Sturken, 1997; Buzzanco, 1999). Analytic section From the Vietnam War, we can note three significant events. First, photojournalism changed the history of war reporting. Second, the media attempts to reveal the truth led Americans to doubt their government. Finally, televisions and photographs were significant in shaping the public’s perceptions about the war. Cri tics believe that the media had a negative impact on Americans regarding the outcome of the Vietnam War. The media reporting portrayed images of horror that the public could not withstand. We must understand that the media supported this war during early stages of the US involvement. However, television coverage and photographs changed Americans perception about the war. The biased reporting only concentrated on actions of the US soldiers and ignored atrocities that North Vietnam committed. As a result, the anti-war demonstrations gained the media attention. Journalists and media pundits have debated the war reporting and its impacts on the public for many years. However, critics believe that it is only veterans who can give true accounts of the war. This is because media main concerns are reporting events without understanding their meanings. As a result, war veterans believed that the television reporting distorted news by misrepresentation. For instance, they made the public beli eve that the US had lost the war while reality at the field was different. Critics also believe that the media portrayed anti-war demonstrators as traitors. The media claimed that anti-war demonstrators were sympathizers of the US enemies. In addition, the media only concentrated on violet aspects of the anti-war demonstrations. Critics believed that the media engaged in extremism so as to gain the public’s attention. As a result, the anti-war movement gained popularity through defiant definitions that various media portrayed. This is manipulation of the media. It created a distant public from the government. The media ignored values and ideas the anti-war movement proclaimed. Instead, it concentrated on portraying violence associated with the protest. Media scholars also believe that pessimistic war intentions did not originate from the media. This happened because the public did not understand the working style of the media. In fact, people believed that the media were mere transmitters of facts and news as they happened at the battle field. In this regard, the critical role many scholars attribute to media is beyond their attention. Changes in reporting styles after the Tet Offensive simply reflected changes in events of the war, sources, and the government role in attempts to regulate contents. In addition, the media reporting of the anti-war movement showed that they were not responsible for actions of protestors. Photographs have remained vital sources of information. Photographs are easier to recall than words. Images can influence or trigger different emotions in people. As a result, such emotions influence interpretation of photos. Influences of photos vary from individuals. However, scholars generally agree that photos have high capacity for memory, are less complex than words, and appeal to majorities. People may debate on what features make images or photos iconic. The Accidental Napalm photo remains an iconic image of the Vietnam War. This is because the image of a naked running girl cannot easily disappear from Americans’ minds. This image shows cruelty of the war. This photo attained the status of an iconic image because everyone could recognize and understand it. It captures a moment of history and creates a strong sense of emotions among audience. This photo had the capacity to ignite various views about the war. The media made the image and distributed it within their systems making the photo an icon. It created waves of negative reactions, prominence, subject of the war, and cultural aspects. Accidental Napalm photo is an image reflecting the nudity of the burning and shouting girl. This photo violated cultural concerns about nudity in order to excite debate about immorality of the war. The public should not have access to this picture. It shows what we should not see and an event that should not have occurred. In views of feminists, the naked girl depicts a victimized female figure during wars. This is t o say it is the women and children who suffer in the event of any war. There is a clear difference between the soldiers walking and children running from terror. The image can also lead to question the responsibility of soldiers to children during times of wars. The public cannot control their emotions when confronted with this photo. The photo evokes a sense of terror, pain, and pity. This photo remains the significant work of photojournalism in the history of war. A semiotic analysis reveals that attentions of viewers are on the nude girl. The photo does not provide much detail. However, we can see that the war claimed the innocence of a young girl rendering her nude and powerless before the soldiers and photographers who captured her nudity. The boy in the photo depicts terror of the war. All the children in this photo depict stiff contrast from the soldiers herding them down the street. It is also significant to note that these children do not have any parents in the photo. It r emains unclear whether the war had claimed their parents. The action of directing these children may show power of the soldiers over the war victims. The photo’s background shows thick and dark smoke. The dark smoke shows an image of threatening and risky situation during the battle. â€Å"The children from left to right are: Phan Thanh Tam, younger brother of Kim Phuc, who lost an eye, Phan Thanh Phouc, youngest brother of Kim Phuc, Kim Phuc, and Kim’s cousins Ho Van Bon, and Ho Thi Ting. Behind them are soldiers of the Vietnam Army 25th Division, June 8, 1972† (Nick Ut/AP Photo). Another photo of interest is the Tet Execution. The photo shows General Nguyen Ngoc Loan as he shoots a captured Viet Cong enemy at a close range. The national televisions aired this execution. However, it is the still picture that grabbed the viewers’ attention. The photo highlighted the facial expression of the war captive than did the live coverage of televisions. The photo became an iconic image because of the prominence and instantaneous influence it achieved. Still photos remain the most influential forms of representation in the world. The General and enemy only have a small gun between them. The photo is simple, but it shows the reality of war i.e. man-to-man confrontation where the aggressor and enemy are face-to-face. This photo shows the real brutality of the Vietnam War. The General does not indicate any emotion. The act of executing enemies is normal to him. On the other hand, Viet Cong’s expression generates feelings of empathy among audience. DURING: 1 February 1968 the national police chief of South Vietnam, General Nguyen Ngoc Loan shooting the enemy suspect in the head (Eddie Adams photo). The photo of Tet Execution shows how photography achieved influence in the photojournalism. We cannot assume the fact that the General was aware of the presence of the camera. Thus, he turned his back to hide his feelings and purpose. Converse ly, we can see an expression of a man waiting for the unknown in the prisoner. The prisoner’s dress code and hair are the opposite of the General who expresses power in his military attire. The prisoner may not be a military officer after all. Instead, he might be a civilian experiencing the cruelty of the war. The General shows disregard for the normal justice system. This image only depicts hatred that exists among soldiers during wars. The war depicted a show of power among soldiers (Anderegg, 1991). The General clearly expresses and flexes his muscles as he prepares to shoot his victim. On the other hand, the victim remains powerless since his hands are behind his back, tied thus, denying him the chance to defend himself. The victim’s acceptance of his fate is evident in his motionless body. The prisoner knows it is pointless in trying to defend himself or escape. There is also a soldier who cannot believe the proceeding event. As a result, he is holding his teeth tightly because of this inhumane act. The soldier has protective helmet, unlike the Viet Cong captive. This Tet Execution arouses feelings of empathy and portrays the General as a villain and the prisoner as a hero. We cannot completely understand circumstances of the photo. However, we can note that it is inhumane act against a helpless war victim. Therefore, the photo communicates the main act of war, which is to kill an enemy. As a result, viewers could experience atrocities that permeated the Vietnam War. In the view of Donald and McDonald, the image of Tet Execution can have significant influence on reinforcing masculinity among boys (Donald and MacDonald, 2011). The General’s victory over the victim can aid in reinforcing the male stereotype associated with combats and winning as these images are responsible for defining manly courage. Such images depicting the apotheosis of the US soldiers in wars are the current representations of the Vietnam War in various media as S locum portrays (Slocum, 2006; Lembcke, 1998). Conclusions Various scholars have expressed their ideas about the relationship between the media and war. From this point, we can understand the impact of iconic images of the Vietnam War through semiotic analysis. These photos show general features of powerlessness, emotions, and innocence that were present in the Vietnam War. We can now understand why these photos triggered emotions among American audience. The Accidental Napalm and Tet Execution arouse strong emotions of panic, fear, and pain among viewers making them iconic images of the war. Semiotic analyses of these photos show that they are capable of arousing strong emotions among viewers. Viewers can easily relate these photos to distress, loss of lives, unpleasant experiences, and terror of the war. These photos are icons of outrage and atrocities of the war, and viewers not accustomed to such scenes can easily have negative emotions. Photographs also captured innocence of the victims. These photos showed how innocent victims lost their lives during the war. The Tet Execution depicts the prisoner as an ordinary citizen and not an army officer. However, we learned that the victim was a Viet Cong soldier. The inhumane execution of this soldier shows disregard for the rule of the law and deviation from the concept of the war. The Accidental Napalm shows the innocence of the children caught in the middle of the battle. The photo depicts how the war stripped the little girl’s innocence. The absence of any parent in the photo also raises concerns about the fate of these children. The war has left these children to fend for each other. These photos also depict war victims who have no power to defend themselves. The Viet Cong is unable to defend himself against the General and soldiers. This sense of powerlessness reflects what the war has caused in South Vietnam. The little girl also remains powerless to events taking place in her country. These photos r emain crucial in representations of the Vietnam War. They also mark the role of photojournalism in depicting actual images of the war. Reference List Allan, S 2010, News Culture, Open University Press, New York. Allen, T and Seaton, J 1999, The Media of Conflict: War Reporting and Representations of Ethnic Violence, Zed Books, New York. Altheide, D 2009, Terror Post-9/11 and Media, Peter Lang, New York. Anderegg, M 1991, Inventing Vietnam: The War in Film and Television, Temple University Press, Philadelphia. Andersen, R 2006, A Century of Media, a Century of War, Peter Lang, New York. Auster, A and Quart, L 1988, How the War was Remembered: Hollywood and Vietnam, Praeger, New York. Buzzanco, R 1999, Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life, Blackwell Publishers, Malden. Cottle, S 2004, News, Public Relations and Power, Sage, London. Der Derian, J 2009, Virtuous War: Mapping the Military-Industrial-Media- Entertainment Network, 2nd edn, Westview Press, Colorado. 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Appendices Bombs with a mixture of napalm and white phosphorus jell y dropped by Vietnamese Air Force Skyraider bombers explode across Route 1, amid homes and in front of the Cao Dai temple on the outskirts of Trang Bang, Vietnam, June 8, 1972. (Nick Ut/AP Photo) Nick Ut took this image seconds after his famous shot, of Kim Phuc running down the street. Television crews and South Vietnamese troops surround 9-year-old Kim Phuc on Route 1 near Trang Bang, South Vietnam, after she was burned by a misdirected aerial napalm attack, June 8, 1972. (Nick Ut/AP) Phan Tai Kim Phuc, 9, is comforted by her mother in a Saigon, Vietnam, hospital, two days after she was severely burned during a misplaced napalm attack on her village, June 10, 1972.(Robinson/AP Photo) From right, Associated Press staff photographer Nick Ut, Phan Thi Kim Phuc and Dr. My Le, who treated Kim Phuc two days after a napalm attack in Vietnam 40 years ago, sit together during a reunion in Buena Park, Calif., June 2, 2012. (Jae C. Hong/AP Photo) Britain’s Queen Elizabeth II, righ t, opens the new Welcome Wing of London‘s Science Museum with Associated Press photographer Nick Ut, left and Phan Thi Kim Phuc, centre, June 27, 2000. Ut’s image of Kim is featured in the museum. (Ian Jones/AP Photo) BEFORE: South Vietnamese forces escort suspected Viet Cong officer Nguyen Van Lem (also known as Bay Lop) on a Saigon street Feb. 1, 1968, early in the Tet Offensive. (AP Photo/Eddie Adams AFTER: The victim falls dead on the ground and police chief calmly puts the gun back January 9, 1964 a soldier of the Army of South Vietnam stabs a farmer, assuming that he was lying on the movements of the Viet Cong – North Vietnamese soldiers. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) This dissertation on Photos of Vietnam War was written and submitted by user Franco Byers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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