A report on transport layer security (TLS) and secure shell (SSH) Free Essays

Introduction Transport Layer Security (TLS) vs. Secure Shell (SSH) – A battle for security. In this modern time, individuals, businesses and organizations worry about security on a regular basis, be it online or offline, over a network computer or just with a personal computer. We will write a custom essay sample on A report on transport layer security (TLS) and secure shell (SSH) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Security of a computer connected to the internet and within a network is very essential as people need to protect their information and data from unwanted or unauthorised access. My task here is to look into two most widely used security protocols on the internet network, these protocols are Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Shell (SSH). I will be comparing these two protocols, looking into their similarities and differences, advantages and disadvantages and giving related examples where necessary. An Overview of the Protocols First and foremost what is TLS It is the replacement for secure socket layer (SSL) and it is a protocol that makes sure that there is privacy between a communicating application and its users on the internet. TLS offers an end point authentications and communications privacy over the internet using encryptions. For instance, if a server and a client communicate, TLS makes sure that no one without the right authority can listen, intrude or forge any messages between them. TLS has two layers, the TLS record protocol and the TLS handshake protocol. The TLS Record Protocol is at a lower level where it is placed on top of some reliable transport protocol as Transport Control Protocol (TCP). This is needed in other to send messages in two directions, forward and backward and it also has a security property that is used to establish a reliable and private connection. The record protocol is then responsible for changing position of data between two ends of the link using the values agreed through the handshake protocol. The information that then come from the application to the TLS record protocol, are compressed and encrypted as required before they are sent to the other end. And if the other end is valid, the information is then uncompressed and decrypted before delivery. The TLS handshake protocol also uses the record protocol to send its messages during the hand shake stage. There are additional offers that are commonly overlooked which are provided by TLS, â€Å"integrity guarantees and replay prevention†. TLS streams communication have inbuilt controls to prevent tampering with any portion of its encrypted data. And there are other inbuilt controls to stop captured streams of TLS information from being replayed at other times. On the other hand, SSH is a protocol that determines the performance of a secure communication over a network. This has been used to replace telnet, rsh, rlogin for insecurity. Prior to any transfer taking place, the SSH client and server must first establish a secure connection. This will then allow them to share private information between each other. The SSH protocol is responsible for authentication, encryption, and the way data is transmitted over a network. â€Å"The encryption used by SSH is intended to provide confidentiality and integrity of data over an unsecured network, such as the Internet†. There are two types of versions for the SSH, the first is SSH1 and the second is SSH2. Although, these two protocols are different. The SSH1 is the original protocol and it has its own shortfalls, so it is not normally recommended or in use today. But SSH2 is the common of the two SSH protocols and is commonly used today as it is more secure and efficient than SSH1. The SSh1 uses server and host keys to verify the networks while SSH2 uses just the host keys to verify the networks and even more, they are not compatible with each other. SSH works in the following way When a client contacts a server, they disclose the SSH protocol versions that they support. Then, they switch to a packet based protocol. When the server identifies itself to the client and provides session parameters, the client then sends the server a secret key. Both sides turn on encryption and complete server authentication. Then, a secure connection is created. Similarities and Differences Similarities In terms of similarities, one can say they provide the same level of security within any giving scenario. They both make sure that information passed about over the internet is protected with dependable encryption. They can also make sure that the server a user connects to is the right one. The two protocols provide 128-256 bit encryption. Differences In respect to their similarities, they do have some differences as well. Most obvious is the fact that SSH uses username and password to authenticate its users which is inbuilt. While TLS â€Å"authentication is left up to the daemon receiving the connections† SSH is at the top of the model at the application layer while, TLS is able to offer security at the transport layer. SSH is connection oriented which use TCP only, and it is primarily used for shell based solutions. SSH offers number of client authentication options, TLS only uses the public key option. There are SSH components such as its connection protocol SSH-CONN. SSH-CONN provides multiple logical data channels to the applications using SSH-TRANS which TLS does not have. SSH Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages It is reliable, it is available free and also in commercial versions It never trusts the network If the network is experiencing a hostile takeover, it will only disconnect the SSH, but any decryption or connection take over is impossible. It is possible to tunnel TCP based applications through SSH, e.g., email protocols. For system administrators, SSH is a popular remote administration platform. Although, the server runs on UNIX, Linux and VMS, SSH clients can run on most platforms. â€Å"Many authentication methods including Kerberos, TIS, SecurID and RSA.Can be SOCKS5 proxy aware† Disadvantages SSH is not designed to be added into network gateways such as routers or firewalls. Performance for SSH can be a problem on old machines. Its port range and dynamic ports cannot be forwarded. A client on the Internet that uses SSH to access the Intranet can expose the Intranet by port forwarding. When a user authenticates themself on a server, it is always sent in clear text TLS Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages TLS is easy to use. Probably the most used security on the internet. TLS do not need any Operating system support. When messages are exchanged over the Internet, they are checked while transmitting from one computer to another. This feature offers reliability of the web based communication. TLS protocol stops unauthorized user access from interfering as a third party in the middle of a communication on the Internet. The third party will only take part in the communication when it has been noticed by two authorized users TLS is in use by most web browsers It is widely recognized as the secure HTTP (HTTPS) Protocol Disadvantages TLS often mistake firewalls as man in the middle attack. It is exposed to clogging over TCP Security Weakness Examples TLS can be used in many applications; client/server applications but it has mostly been used with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol â€Å"HTTP† for security. This allows it to offer an encrypted conversation and to securely identify a network web server. The added security it offers allows HTTPS to be used for all level of transaction over the internet world wide. Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions â€Å"SMIME† when combined TLS can be used to secure IETF VoIP signalling. TLS can also be used in these following applications: PKIX, LDAP, BEEP, SASL, L2TP, SMTP, IMAP, and POP3. An example can be seen below with my home web browsers. I have two screenshots from Internet Explorer and Firefox web browsers. Internet Explorer 9Firefox version 3.6.15 SSH can also be used in some applications as well. SSH do have some features such as port forwarding and secure tunnelling. Port forwarding can tell the SSH daemon to listen to information conversations on a particular port and forward this conversation to an encrypted SSH session. This allows protectection for other services as well. Summary there are no magical solution for web, but good enough protocols, the real deal is that there is no better protocol, they all have their benefits. In order to decide which one to use, one really need to understand what one is trying to secure. References I have been able to obtain and generate ideas from the following sources Books Mark Minasi, Christa Anderson, Michele Beveridge, C.A. Callahan Mastering Windows Server 2003, copyright, 2003 Sybex Inc O’Reilley. Daniel J Barrett, Richard E Silverman and Robert G Byrnes SSH, the secure shell, the definitive Guide, copyright, 2005 William Stallings. 2006 Fourth Edition Cryptography and Network Security Bill Ferguson (Sybex) Network + Fast Pass, copyright 2005 IBM TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview December 2006 Internet Research Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell#Definition Last modified on 16 March 2011 at 10:48 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell#Definition Last modified on 16 March 2011 at 13:11 How to cite A report on transport layer security (TLS) and secure shell (SSH), Essay examples

Kung! free essay sample

1. Ernestine Friedl says that the position of women is higher the more they are involved in (l) primary subsistence (as owners or controllers, NOT merely as laborers) and (2) the PUBLIC distribution of the product of subsistence. Use this argument to account for the position of women in Kung society. Make sure you use both part (l) and part (2) of Friedl’s argument. (Do not worry that Friedl’s argument is simplistic; she is not trying to say that women’s role in subsistence is the ONLY factor that affects their position in society.) Friedl states that the position of women is higher the more they are involved in primary subsistence, and the public distribution of that subsistence. I think this classes Kung! Women pretty high up the social ladder. Kung! Women, help gather a large portion of the food (almost all), and help with a lot of the tasks. They do care for the young, but they also help make the shelter, and help carry the few possessions they have from camp ground to campground (5). We will write a custom essay sample on Kung! or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most of what the Kung! Do in their down time is similar to their counterparts. They both tell stories, argue (but never get physical really) and even do the same medicine dances, and jokes. There is no â€Å"arrogant† men stereotype as it is considered rude to boast in Kung society (6). There really is no difference when it comes to communal actions between men and women. It comes down to marriage, and a bit of political rights which are a new invention in the Kung! Society. That is why women have such a high level in Kung! Society. 2. Construct arguments for the following two propositions: (l) that Kung men have higher status and greater power than Kung women and (2) that there is equality between Kung men and Kung women. Which position do you agree with, and why? The Kung! Are a very peculiar case to me. There are very good arguments to say that the Kung have a higher status, and thus a higher amount of power than women, and an equally good arguments that men and women are pretty equal in their society. For example, the women and men tend to share the â€Å"load† of the child. Yes, women take young children with them when they gather, but when it comes to carrying them around, men and women both tend to do it, until the children are weaned of this. A good example of equality, is how the men make sure to help the women wean the child, say when Nisa wants to keep drinking breast milk, the father pulls her off and threatens to hit her saying â€Å"cant you see how swollen your mother is? † (47). Though, on the other hand, the men can have multiple wives while women can not. Though, the women can â€Å"chase† off the other wives, as nisa did.   I personally agree with the idea that Kung men have a higher status and power in society. Men, can get away with much more, and do have the power to hit their wives in fights (they seem, at least from the book to be the ones to strike first). Women, often fight back, but they rarely start the hitting. Additionally, the fact that men can have multiple wives, and it may not be considered cheating, shows me that Kung! Men have more power. What effect has modernization had on gender roles and gender relations among the Kung? What do you foresee for the future? The Kung! s way of life is shown to be threatened in this book. Tswana and Herero villages started to encompass more of the Kung! s water holes, the Kung! Way of life has become threatened (194). If you cannot get water in the harsh desert, you cannot survive. To survive, you have to either work to take handouts, or you must work for the other tribes, such as animal herding for the Tswana. Because this was a more sedentary living, the amount of permanent structures increases. People dont go from water hole to water hole, they start to stay near the work, the food, and the traders. Pots pans colorful cloth goats all made it easier to stay in one place. This also made the Kung! Womens childbearing cycle shorter, making there be more children. With more children, women become more dependent on their significant others, as they cannot hold two children and gather at the same time (195). As said in the book, this can upset the fragile relations of kung men and women in society. If women are bringing home less food, and men are increasing their participation in politics, the gender equality shifts to the right, to men being considered â€Å"superior† 195. In the future, I see that as globalization continues to occur for the Kung! , western ideals will sadly lower the place of women in their society. To me, there is not much hope until the influences (in this case, the other â€Å"civilized† tribes) start to treat women the same amount, and allow them into politics. Works Cited Shostak, Marjorie. Nisa, the life and words of a ! Kung woman. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981. Print.

Is Shakespeare Still Relevant free essay sample

â€Å"Oh, what a noble mind is here oerthrown! — The courtier’s, soldier’s, scholar’s, eye, tongue, sword, Th expectancy and rose of the fair state, The glass of fashion and the mould of form, Th observed of all observers, quite, quite down! And I, of ladies most deject and wretched, That sucked the honey of his music vows, Now see that noble and most sovereign reason Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune and harsh; That unmatched form and feature of blown youth Blasted with ecstasy. Oh, woe is me, T have seen what I have seen, see what I see! †You may be saying to yourself right now, what did I just read? or Why is this important at all? Well what you just read was a monologue from on of William Shakespeare’s famous plays Hamlet. Now you may be questioning why that is relevant to today when Shakespeare died so long ago? Well it is actually extremely relevant, Shakespeare has been relevant for many years. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Shakespeare Still Relevant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many reasons as to why Shakespeare is relevant. According to Petri (2012) â€Å"Whenever I want to depress myself, I make a list of Shakespeare plays and cross out all the ones whose plots would be ruined if any character had a smartphone. It’s a depressingly short list. † (Petri, 2012) â€Å"Romeo and Juliet would just text each other about the poison, audiences would point out. Why doesn’t Hermia use her GPS? If he was so worried about the ideas, Caesar should have just telecommuted. † (Petri, 2012) â€Å"There’s a certain level of celebrity occupied by people who are famous primarily because they are famous. † (Petri, 2012) â€Å"He’s an awfully hard man to nail down. As a historical figure he is proverbially skittish. He may have been Francis Bacon, for pete’s sake. His play’s still tell the truth, boiled down to their essences. † (Petri, 2012) In conclusion Petri says In their proper place, the bright lines that have since sunk into cliche still retain their power to dazzle. Write what you know? Shakespeare adamantly didn’t. But in the process, he wrote what we all know. And he didn’t need a smartphone to do it. † (Petri, 2012) Another Idea by Stephenson (2009) is William Shakespeare’s legacy of written words, ensures his relevance to society, past and present never wanes. â€Å"His characters and stories reveal universal truths about the human condition in a way we all can relate to; whether it is the tragic outcome of unchecked greed and ambition, an unrelenting desire for revenge, or the pursuit of love. † (Stephenson, 2009) â€Å"His representation of the human spirit is just as relevant today, as it has been through the centuries. † (Stephenson, 2009) â€Å"For such a prolific writer , it is truly amazing that Shakespeare continually produced both poetry and prose of such high standard! Thought the language itself may seem daunting at first glance, a teacher or study guide will assist in helping you interpret the words, so you can fully appreciate and indeed marvel at their potency. † (Stephenson, 2009) It is genuinely memorable, moving and mesmerizing. â€Å"His works teach us the power of words as an instrument of communication. † (Stephenson, 2009) â€Å"A successful writer keeps his reader engaged, explores pertinent issues, challenges thoughts and opinions, and uses effective language to convey the content. In conclusion† (Stephenson, 2009) Stephenson says Shakespeare ticks all the boxes†¦ and then some! A third writer Dekker (2011) states that Four hundred years away from his time and as far as possible from his place, Shakespeare has not lost his following. â€Å"Shakespeare is one of the great studiers of life. His observations are poignant and relevant and challenging. † (Dekker, 2011) â€Å"Henry V is about war and the politics of nations, danger and excitement, vibrant and contemporary to debate in any country. Winter’s Tale is about redemption and how we forgive each other, and is an important and humanising conversation to have. † (Dekker, 2011) â€Å"Shakespeare remains relevant because he still exists in the consciousness of people, is still part of our culture and in a world sense is relevant as an artist. His words still attract a readership, study and interest in production. † (Dekker, 2011) In conclusion Dekker says, His works exist as individual works of art and also a whole body, part of our psyche and culture one of the pillars of civilisation. A fourth source Hong (2009) is that The language is now archaic, 500 years since the plays were first performed in Elizabethan England. â€Å"His plays touch on timeless themes such as love, friendship and vengeance. Who has not heard of one of the most classic love stories of all times, Romeo And Juliet? This story about the star-crossed lovers, doomed to separation by their feuding families, has been adapted countless times for stage, film, musicals and opera. † (Hong, 2009) The characters are fallible and real. â€Å"The characters in Shakespeare are like you or me, even though they may be kings, queens or noblemen and women. † (Hong, 2009) â€Å"Repository of commonly used phrases and words today. It is no fluke that Shakespeare is the most quoted author in the Oxford Dictionary. Some of his phrases are so well known that we have forgotten the man who first said it. Like a rose by any other name, or parting is such sweet sorrow, or the world is my oyster. † (Hong, 2009) Gave voice to the marginalised in society. â€Å"Shakespeare was quite forward-thinking for his time, especially in an age when women were not even allowed to perform on stage. His female characters (then played by men) were not sidelined; in fact, many of them had critical roles to play in his dramas. † (Hong, 2009) This author concludes that The Bard has not become obsolete because he wrote about human issues that have remained unchanged over the years. Yet another Idea, from Bantick (2013) is that Shakespeare was an A-list personality. Since his passing, his life has been anything but his own. Shakespeare continues to divide opinion. â€Å"The problem with Shakespeare is not so much the plots of the plays or the historical times, but the language. All those thees and thous are a turn-off, it seems. Really? The evidence says otherwise. If Shakespeare was such a turn-off why, then, would The Bell Shakespeare Company, for example, be performing to more than 80,000 school children in all states and territories annually? Simply put, Shakespeare is clearly alive. † (Bantick, 2013) The point about Shakespeare is that he still speaks to audiences today. â€Å"Why, then, is the teaching of Shakespeare not explicit in the National Curriculum, whereas indigenous and Asian literature is? This is denying children the opportunity to discover the Bard. † (Bantick, 2013) â€Å"Not relevant? Too hard? Not really. Take the tragedy Romeo Juliet This tender teenage love story is about passion beyond the expectations of an arranged marriage, which goes fatally wrong. It still has huge appeal. So much so that there is now a tweet version. † (Bantick, 2013) This author concludes that, What does not change is that Shakespeare speaks to us wherever we are and in whatever time. The world is indeed a stage and we are mere players, if not posting, on it. Another Idea by Lloyd (2013) is In secondary schools today we force our children to study Shakespeare from first form through to till fifth form and for those fortunate few also in sixth form.

Descartes On First Philosophy Essays - Rationalists,

Descartes On First Philosophy Rene Descartes' Meditations in the First Philosophy is a skeptic's speculation on certain inalienable truths. Descartes meditations are based on the epistemological theory of rationalism: that is if someone truly knows something then they could not possibly be mistaken. He provides solid arguments for what his six meditations stand for, and how he obtained a clear and distinct perception of "innate" ideas. In Meditations he comes to terms with three certainties: the existence of the mind as the thing that thinks, the body as an extension, and God as the supreme being. He attests that he came to these conclusions by doubting all that had been taught to him in his formal education, and all he received through the senses. Descartes' first uncertainty was noted in Discourse of Method. "I found myself embarrassed with so many doubts and errors that it seemed to me that the effort to instruct myself had no effect other than the increasing discovery of my ignorance" (Baird p. 11). He had difficultly embracing the diverse, and sometimes hypocritical, ideas he encountered in his studies. He developed a skeptical frame of reference; this uncertain point of view aided him in developing Meditations. All that he saw, tasted, touched, smelled and heard was caste into uncertainty. He thought all of his confusion and indeterminate ideas were caused by the senses. According to Descartes, "The senses deceive, and it is prudent never to trust completely those who have deceived us even once"(Baird, Forrest E. p. 22). He used the example of perceiving the sun and the moon. When both are looked upon from earth, they appear to be about the same size and distance from our planet. Mathematics, however reveal an enormous difference in their size and distance. This is why he desperately needed to abandon all he had learned and acquired through the senses. Certainty surfaced beyond all that he doubted, and to know these certainties led Descartes to the truth. To know, according to Descartes, was to have a clear and distinct perception of an idea. One could perceive ideas clearly and distinctly through a process of introspection and reflection. When a person abandoned all that was received through the senses they were then able to deduce the essence of an idea. The essence was the most basic foundation of existence; that is the simplest universal truth. To know was to truly understand the essence of a thing or idea. The first thing Descartes was able to clearly and distinctly perceive was the idea of the mind. The mind represented the self or the idea of "I". It did not represent the self as in physical appearances because the mind has no physical attributes. The mind, according to Descartes', is simply the thing that thinks. The essence of the mind is, "A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, is willing, is unwilling and also imagines and has sensory perceptions" (Baird, p. 13). He also knew with certainty the idea of an extended thing. By extension he means a body or substance that exist in nature, and outside the thinking thing. It was the essence of that which he could describe with mathematical certainty. He emphasizes a distinction between the mind and body. "...in as much as the body is the very nature is always divisible as the mind is utterly indivisible." (Baird, Forrest E. p. 53) Descartes clearly and distinctly perceived an idea of a Supreme Being or God, the perfect infinite manifestation of mind. "By the word 'God' I understand a substance that is infinite, independent, supremely intelligent, supremely powerful, and which created both myself and everything else that exists" (Baird, Forrest E. p. 34). Descartes has a clear and distinct perception of God and reasons that it must be It that grants him the ability to clearly and distinctly perceive God. Descartes speculations on certainty may not have satisfied an empiricist's point of view of experience as an essential element in knowledge, but alas, he was a rationalist. So in Descartes' mind one can only know with certainty the Mind as the thinking thing, the Body as the extended thing and God as a supreme being. Bibliography Descartes, Rene. Meditations in the First Philosophy. In Baird, Forest E. and Walter Kaufmann, Modern Philosophy, 3rd Edition Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000.

Wildow Wilson essays

Wildow Wilson essays The strength of the liberal forces desired a stronger treaty and conservative isolationists and opposed the treaty on all grounds combined. This was done to help defeat the Treaty of Versailles. The final blame for the defeat of the treaty lies with Woodrow Wilsons stubborn resistance to compromise. Woodrow Wilson was the son of a Presbyterian Minister. He carried his own personal religious and academic beliefs over into his political career. Wilson promised a war to make the world safe for democracy. Wilson incorporated fourteen points into the Treat of Versailles that would supposedly achieve his aforementioned goal-among these an end to protective trade barriers, self-determination for people of all nations, and the very controversial world organization, The League of Nations (Article X). Article X stipulated that all league members would come to the aid of any member nation faced with naked aggression. Article X is nothing but the inevitable, logical center of the whole system, argued Wilson who believed that his methods were right and all others were wrong (Document C). In preparing the original treaty at a Conference in Paris with Britains Lloyd-George, Frances Clemenceau, and Italys Vittorio Orlando, he blundered right and left in an attempt to salvage the league. Whi le a majority Republican senate had to approve the treaty by two-thirds vote, Wilson took no Republican and no Senators to Versailles; instead, he surrounded himself with his open cronies such as Colonel House. Thus, during the course of the negotiation, France and Britain were permitted to demand reparations, carve up Germans colonies and violate many of Wilsons fourteen points in order to maintain the European Powers support for the league. Leftists also challenged the Versailles Treaty on both the grounds that Wilson had sold out a majority of his fourteen points and that th ...

See below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

See below - Essay Example practices can include joint undertakings in market sharing as well as price fixing.2 Article 81(2) that any such agreement be null and void.3 Article 81(3) however permits a defence by allowing for exemptions in circumstances where the undertaking is made for technological advancement and can provide consumers with a â€Å"fair share† of the market.4 Exemtions are also applicable if the undertaking and not unreasonably restrain trade.5 Upon an even narraow interpretation of Article 81(3) it is obvious that joint enterprises do not incur strict liability. In other words evidence of collusion will not be sufficient to substantiate a claim of anti-trade practices within the meaning of Article 81(3). Moreover, Article 85 of the Treaty of Rome makes provision for the European Commission to investigate suspected infringements of Article 81. This provison by implication not only erodes the strict application of Article 81 anti-competitive collusions, but also places the onus on the Commission to prove an Article 81 infringement. Article 85 provides as follows: â€Å"†¦the Commission shall ensure the application of the principles laid down in Articles 81 and 82. On application by a Member State or on its own initiative, and in cooperation with the competent authorities in the Member States, who shall give it their assistance, the Commission shall investigate cases of suspected infringement of these principles. If it finds that there has been an infringement, it shall propose appropriate measures to bring it to an end.†6 It is obvious that Article 85 places the jurisdiction of anti-trade conduct in violation of Article 81 with the European Commission. Moreover, the investiagtive provision implies that the Commission will have to collect sufficient evidence to satisify itself that an infringement took place that cannot be justified under the proviso contained in Article 81. The European court in NV Samenwerkende Elektriciteits-Produktiebedrijven v Commission of

Evaluate an Entrepreneurial Venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Evaluate an Entrepreneurial Venture - Essay Example 3Â  billion (Cozon, 2013). In less than four years, Dyson managed to become a market leader, as regard sales in vacuum cleaners, both in the US and UK markets, which clearly shows its success story. However, the journey that started with launching the Ballbarrow in the 1970s to the production of the extremely successful vacuum cleaner in the 2000s has been a rather difficult one. It involved struggles in procuring funds during the initial years to fighting court cases against multinational rivals for patent rights. Despite these major setbacks, Sir James Dyson persevered, and transformed his company into a leading manufacturing company in the market, amidst stiff competition from other large multinational brands. Dyson is considered as a great entrepreneur and his sense of innovation and business acumen is evident in his marketing of a product that used a technology rejected by other product manufacturers. The product, when launched, was priced at double the average market rates for similar products and there were very little advertisements and marketing done to promote it; instead, DAL commissioned retailers through their own efforts, an occasional article that described the product was published in newspapers, and the name was made to spread by a general word of mouth. Key Historical Facts James Dyson, a British entrepreneur in 1973, founded Dyson Appliances Ltd. ... The Hoover Junior vacuum cleaner he owned did not perform as he wanted and therefore took it upon himself to develop a better model. Between 1979 and 1984, Dyson developed over 5000 models of vacuum cleaners trying to make them more efficient. When he produced the first fully functional prototype, he had problems getting licenses in the European and American markets, mainly because other more established manufacturers feared the competition brought Dyson’s company. The company has a long history since its establishment in the 1970s. Here, we will examine some of the key historical facts such as products, market entry, funding and others critical to its start up. i.) Products In 1986, Dyson began the manufacture of the DC-series of vacuum cleaners. These had a lot of success on the market as discussed in the market entry segment. This series started with the DC01, DC02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 08T, DC9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 24, and DC25. Besides the vacuum cleaners, the company also deals in hand dryers. It is the manufacturer of the Air-blade hand dryer series. This series comprises of AB01, AB03, AB06, AB07, AB08, AB09, AB10, and AB11 (Dyson, 1998). The company also diversified into production of a bladeless fan called the Air Multiplier. The company also produced the contra-rotator washing machine CR01. This was followed by the CR02. The company however dropped this product line and ceased to provide any support services for it. ii.) Market entry The first vacuum cleaner that the company ever sold was sold in Japan for an equivalent of $2000 in 1986. This was not a sustainable venture for mass production. After setting up a research facility in Wiltshire in 1993, a cheaper model, the DA001 was produced and retailed at